{"id":2117,"date":"2026-03-28T17:32:46","date_gmt":"2026-03-28T17:32:46","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.viz-note.com\/vn\/avoiding-pitfalls-common-mistakes-in-data-flow-diagramming\/"},"modified":"2026-03-28T17:32:46","modified_gmt":"2026-03-28T17:32:46","slug":"avoiding-pitfalls-common-mistakes-in-data-flow-diagramming","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.viz-note.com\/vn\/avoiding-pitfalls-common-mistakes-in-data-flow-diagramming\/","title":{"rendered":"Tr\u00e1nh Nh\u1eefng C\u00e1i B\u1eaby: Nh\u1eefng Sai L\u1ea7m Th\u01b0\u1eddng G\u1eb7p Trong V\u1ebd Bi\u1ec3u \u0110\u1ed3 Lu\u1ed3ng D\u1eef Li\u1ec7u"},"content":{"rendered":"

Bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ed3 lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u (DFD) \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef tr\u1ef1c quan quan tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u c\u00e1ch th\u00f4ng tin di chuy\u1ec3n qua m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng. Ch\u00fang cung c\u1ea5p c\u00e1i nh\u00ecn c\u00f3 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c quy tr\u00ecnh, kho l\u01b0u tr\u1eef d\u1eef li\u1ec7u, c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i v\u00e0 c\u00e1c lu\u1ed3ng k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i ch\u00fang. Tuy nhi\u00ean, vi\u1ec7c t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ed3 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01a1n thu\u1ea7n l\u00e0 v\u1ebd c\u00e1c h\u00ecnh h\u1ed9p v\u00e0 m\u0169i t\u00ean. N\u00f3 \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn k\u1ef7 lu\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi logic, t\u00ednh nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n v\u00e0 t\u00ednh to\u00e0n v\u1eb9n c\u1ee7a d\u1eef li\u1ec7u. Khi c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 n\u00e0y b\u1ecb b\u1ecf qua, m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 s\u1ebd tr\u1edf n\u00ean g\u00e2y nh\u1ea7m l\u1eabn, g\u00e2y hi\u1ec3u l\u1ea7m ho\u1eb7c ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n kh\u00f4ng h\u1ee3p l\u1ec7 cho m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n. H\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn n\u00e0y xem x\u00e9t nh\u1eefng l\u1ed7i ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn nh\u1ea5t g\u1eb7p ph\u1ea3i trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a v\u00e0 cung c\u1ea5p c\u00e1c chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ec3 ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n ch\u00fang.<\/p>\n

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\"Charcoal<\/figure>\n<\/div>\n

\ud83e\udde9 Hi\u1ec3u R\u00f5 C\u00e1c Th\u00e0nh Ph\u1ea7n C\u1ed1t L\u00f5i<\/h2>\n

Tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi \u0111i s\u00e2u v\u00e0o c\u00e1c l\u1ed7i, \u0111i\u1ec1u c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft l\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i n\u1eafm v\u1eefng b\u1ed1n th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n c\u1ea5u th\u00e0nh m\u1ecdi Bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ed3 Lu\u1ed3ng D\u1eef li\u1ec7u. M\u1ed9t sai l\u1ea7m trong m\u1ed9t khu v\u1ef1c th\u01b0\u1eddng g\u00e2y ra hi\u1ec7u \u1ee9ng lan truy\u1ec1n tr\u00ean to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh. C\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 thay th\u1ebf cho nhau, v\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c nh\u1ea7m l\u1eabn ch\u00fang l\u00e0 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i v\u1ec1 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac.<\/p>\n

    \n
  • C\u00e1c Quy Tr\u00ecnh:<\/strong>Ch\u00fang \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i d\u1eef li\u1ec7u. Ch\u00fang kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 n\u01a1i l\u01b0u tr\u1eef t\u0129nh; ch\u00fang l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng thay \u0111\u1ed5i ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ed9ng. Trong k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u chu\u1ea9n, ch\u00fang xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n d\u01b0\u1edbi d\u1ea1ng h\u00ecnh ch\u1eef nh\u1eadt bo tr\u00f2n ho\u1eb7c h\u00ecnh tr\u00f2n.<\/li>\n
  • Kho L\u01b0u Tr\u1eef D\u1eef Li\u1ec7u:<\/strong>\u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 c\u00e1c kho ch\u1ee9a n\u01a1i th\u00f4ng tin \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u01b0u gi\u1eef gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c quy tr\u00ecnh. Ch\u00fang bi\u1ec3u th\u1ecb t\u00ednh b\u1ec1n v\u1eefng. Ch\u00fang th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c h\u00ecnh ch\u1eef nh\u1eadt h\u1edf hai \u0111\u1ea7u ho\u1eb7c c\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng song song.<\/li>\n
  • C\u00e1c Lu\u1ed3ng D\u1eef Li\u1ec7u:<\/strong>\u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 c\u00e1c m\u0169i t\u00ean ch\u1ec9 s\u1ef1 di chuy\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a d\u1eef li\u1ec7u. Ch\u00fang \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7u ra nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd l\u00e0 n\u01a1i l\u01b0u tr\u1eef.<\/li>\n
  • C\u00e1c Th\u1ef1c Th\u1ec3 B\u00ean Ngo\u00e0i:<\/strong>\u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 c\u00e1c ngu\u1ed3n ho\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a d\u1eef li\u1ec7u n\u1eb1m ngo\u00e0i ranh gi\u1edbi h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng. Ch\u00fang t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c v\u1edbi h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

    S\u1ef1 nh\u1ea7m l\u1eabn th\u01b0\u1eddng x\u1ea3y ra khi m\u1ed9t lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u1eed l\u00fd nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t quy tr\u00ecnh, ho\u1eb7c khi m\u1ed9t kho l\u01b0u tr\u1eef d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1ebd v\u1edbi m\u0169i t\u00ean ch\u1ec9 tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp v\u00e0o n\u00f3 m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 quy tr\u00ecnh k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i. S\u1ef1 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn c\u00e1c l\u1ed7i m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a v\u1ec1 sau.<\/p>\n

    \u26a0\ufe0f C\u00e1c Quy Tr\u00ecnh “L\u1ed7 \u0110en” v\u00e0 “Ph\u00e9p M\u00e0u”<\/h2>\n

    Hai trong s\u1ed1 nh\u1eefng l\u1ed7i logic nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t trong m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a DFD li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 b\u1ea3o to\u00e0n d\u1eef li\u1ec7u. M\u1ecdi quy tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ec1u ph\u1ea3i t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt b\u1ea3o to\u00e0n v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y cho th\u00f4ng tin: d\u1eef li\u1ec7u kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n ho\u1eb7c bi\u1ebfn m\u1ea5t kh\u00f4ng d\u1ea5u v\u1ebft.<\/p>\n

    1. Quy Tr\u00ecnh “L\u1ed7 \u0110en”<\/h3>\n

    M\u1ed9t “L\u1ed7 \u0110en” x\u1ea3y ra khi m\u1ed9t quy tr\u00ecnh c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea7u ra. D\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111i v\u00e0o quy tr\u00ecnh, nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 g\u00ec \u0111i ra. Trong m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3. N\u1ebfu d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u00eau th\u1ee5, n\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i th\u00e0nh th\u1ee9 kh\u00e1c, l\u01b0u tr\u1eef ho\u1eb7c chuy\u1ec3n ti\u1ebfp.<\/p>\n

      \n
    • Tri\u1ec7u Ch\u1ee9ng:<\/strong>M\u1ed9t m\u0169i t\u00ean ch\u1ec9 v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t quy tr\u00ecnh, nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u0169i t\u00ean n\u00e0o \u0111i ra.<\/li>\n
    • Nguy\u00ean Nh\u00e2n:<\/strong>Ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecbnh d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c “x\u1eed l\u00fd” m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 r\u00f5 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y th\u01b0\u1eddng x\u1ea3y ra khi t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u h\u00f3a c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng c\u0169 n\u01a1i \u0111\u1ea7u ra b\u1ecb b\u1ecf qua ho\u1eb7c th\u1ea5t l\u1ea1c.<\/li>\n
    • H\u1eadu Qu\u1ea3:<\/strong>C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m g\u00ec v\u1edbi d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o. N\u00f3 l\u00e0m gi\u00e1n \u0111o\u1ea1n lu\u1ed3ng logic.<\/li>\n
    • Gi\u1ea3i Ph\u00e1p:<\/strong>\u0110\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o m\u1ecdi \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea7u ra t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng. N\u1ebfu d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u01b0u tr\u1eef, h\u00e3y v\u1ebd m\u1ed9t lu\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ebfn kho l\u01b0u tr\u1eef d\u1eef li\u1ec7u. N\u1ebfu n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u00e1o c\u00e1o, h\u00e3y v\u1ebd m\u1ed9t lu\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

      2. Quy Tr\u00ecnh “Ph\u00e9p M\u00e0u”<\/h3>\n

      Ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, m\u1ed9t Quy Tr\u00ecnh “Ph\u00e9p M\u00e0u” l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t quy tr\u00ecnh c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea7u ra nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o. H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean t\u1ea1o ra th\u00f4ng tin t\u1eeb h\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 c\u00e1c gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb m\u1eb7c \u0111\u1ecbnh, nh\u01b0ng vi\u1ec7c t\u1ea1o ra d\u1eef li\u1ec7u th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi m\u1ed9t k\u00edch ho\u1ea1t ho\u1eb7c m\u1ed9t tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i ban \u0111\u1ea7u.<\/p>\n

        \n
      • Tri\u1ec7u Ch\u1ee9ng:<\/strong>M\u1ed9t m\u0169i t\u00ean \u0111i ra kh\u1ecfi m\u1ed9t quy tr\u00ecnh, nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u0169i t\u00ean n\u00e0o \u0111i v\u00e0o n\u00f3.<\/li>\n
      • Nguy\u00ean Nh\u00e2n:<\/strong> Ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a qu\u00ean theo d\u00f5i ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a d\u1eef li\u1ec7u ban \u0111\u1ea7u. H\u1ecd gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u1eb1ng quy tr\u00ecnh t\u1ef1 t\u1ea1o ra d\u1eef li\u1ec7u m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp.<\/li>\n
      • H\u1eadu qu\u1ea3:<\/strong>Logic c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng b\u1ecb l\u1ed7i. Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o, quy tr\u00ecnh kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y ng\u1ee5 \u00fd m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c kh\u00f4ng t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i.<\/li>\n
      • Gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p:<\/strong>H\u00e3y truy v\u1ebft \u0111\u1ea7u ra tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. C\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i m\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i \u0111ang cung c\u1ea5p n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng? N\u00f3 c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eeb kho d\u1eef li\u1ec7u kh\u00f4ng? Hay n\u00f3 l\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t quy tr\u00ecnh tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3?<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

        \ud83d\udd17 Lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3<\/h2>\n

        M\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng vi ph\u1ea1m ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c quy t\u1eafc DFD li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp gi\u1eefa hai th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i. Trong ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadn nghi\u00eam ng\u1eb7t, d\u1eef li\u1ec7u kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ch\u1ea3y tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i n\u00e0y sang th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i kh\u00e1c. N\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i \u0111i qua ranh gi\u1edbi h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
        M\u1eabu sai<\/th>\nM\u1eabu \u0111\u00fang<\/th>\nL\u00fd do<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n
        Th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 A \u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500> Th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 B<\/td>\nTh\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 A \u2500\u2500\u2500> Quy tr\u00ecnh \u2500\u2500\u2500> Th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 B<\/td>\nH\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ph\u1ea3i tham gia v\u00e0o giao d\u1ecbch.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
        Kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng \u2500\u2500\u2500> Nh\u00e0 cung c\u1ea5p<\/td>\nKh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng \u2500\u2500\u2500> Quy tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb7t h\u00e0ng \u2500\u2500\u2500> Nh\u00e0 cung c\u1ea5p<\/td>\nH\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1eb7t h\u00e0ng \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 trung gian cho m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 n\u00e0y.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

        Quy t\u1eafc n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o ranh gi\u1edbi h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng. N\u1ebfu hai th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp, quy tr\u00ecnh m\u00e0 ch\u00fang \u0111ang s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng n\u1eb1m ngo\u00e0i ph\u1ea1m vi c\u1ee7a bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ed3 hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i. Vi\u1ec7c bao g\u1ed3m lu\u1ed3ng n\u00e0y ng\u1ee5 \u00fd r\u1eb1ng h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng b\u1ecb b\u1ecf qua, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y l\u00e0m m\u1ea5t \u0111i m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a ch\u00ednh h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng.<\/p>\n

        \ud83c\udff7\ufe0f Quy \u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1eb7t t\u00ean v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 m\u01a1 h\u1ed3<\/h2>\n

        M\u1ed9t bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ed3 s\u1ebd v\u00f4 d\u1ee5ng n\u1ebfu ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ecdc kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u c\u00e1c k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec. Vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1eb7t t\u00ean chung chung l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i b\u1eaby tinh t\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn. C\u00e1c nh\u00e3n nh\u01b0 \u201cQuy tr\u00ecnh 1\u201d hay \u201cD\u1eef li\u1ec7u A\u201d kh\u00f4ng mang l\u1ea1i gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb n\u00e0o. Tuy nhi\u00ean, nh\u1eefng t\u00ean qu\u00e1 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ed3 tr\u1edf n\u00ean l\u1ed9n x\u1ed9n. M\u1ee5c ti\u00eau l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng v\u00e0 c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3.<\/p>\n

        \u0110\u1eb7t t\u00ean cho quy tr\u00ecnh<\/h3>\n

        C\u00e1c quy tr\u00ecnh n\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t t\u00ean b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1eeb theo sau l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t danh t\u1eeb. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111ang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n.<\/p>\n

          \n
        • T\u1ec7:<\/strong>\u201cQuy tr\u00ecnh 1\u201d, \u201c\u0110\u0103ng nh\u1eadp\u201d, \u201cX\u1eed l\u00fd d\u1eef li\u1ec7u\u201d<\/li>\n
        • T\u1ed1t:<\/strong>\u201cX\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u00f4ng tin \u0111\u0103ng nh\u1eadp c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng\u201d, \u201cT\u00ednh thu\u1ebf\u201d, \u201cT\u1ea1o h\u00f3a \u0111\u01a1n\u201d<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

          Vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ecdc hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111ang di\u1ec5n ra. N\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t t\u00ean ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 danh t\u1eeb, n\u00f3 ng\u1ee5 \u00fd m\u1ed9t kho d\u1eef li\u1ec7u ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t quy tr\u00ecnh.<\/p>\n

          \u0110\u1eb7t t\u00ean cho lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u<\/h3>\n

          Lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho th\u00f4ng tin \u0111ang di chuy\u1ec3n. Ch\u00fang n\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1eafn nh\u00e3n b\u1eb1ng g\u00f3i d\u1eef li\u1ec7u c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 \u0111ang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chuy\u1ec3n giao.<\/p>\n

            \n
          • T\u1ec7:<\/strong>\u201cD\u1eef li\u1ec7u\u201d, \u201cTh\u00f4ng tin\u201d, \u201cChi ti\u1ebft\u201d<\/li>\n
          • T\u1ed1t:<\/strong> \u201cTh\u00f4ng tin thanh to\u00e1n\u201d, \u201cM\u00e3 kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng\u201d, \u201c\u0110\u1ecba ch\u1ec9 giao h\u00e0ng\u201d<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

            T\u00ednh nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n l\u00e0 y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 then ch\u1ed1t. N\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n g\u1ecdi n\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u201cM\u00e3 kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng\u201d \u1edf m\u1ed9t n\u01a1i, \u0111\u1eebng g\u1ecdi n\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u201cS\u1ed1 kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng\u201d \u1edf n\u01a1i kh\u00e1c. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y g\u00e2y ra s\u1ef1 nh\u1ea7m l\u1eabn trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh r\u00e0 so\u00e1t.<\/p>\n

            \u2696\ufe0f C\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng v\u00e0 Ph\u00e2n r\u00e3<\/h2>\n

            S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 DFD c\u00f3 t\u00ednh ph\u00e2n c\u1ea5p. B\u1ea1n b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 Ng\u1eef c\u1ea3nh (M\u1ee9c 0) v\u00e0 sau \u0111\u00f3 ph\u00e2n r\u00e3 quy tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u01a1n l\u1ebb th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t DFD M\u1ee9c 1. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 n\u01a1i x\u1ea3y ra nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ed7i k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt nh\u1ea5t. Nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng quy \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7u ra c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t quy tr\u00ecnh cha ph\u1ea3i kh\u1edbp v\u1edbi t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7u ra c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c quy tr\u00ecnh con trong s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 con.<\/p>\n

            Quy t\u1eafc C\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng<\/h3>\n

            N\u1ebfu S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 Ng\u1eef c\u1ea3nh hi\u1ec3n th\u1ecb lu\u1ed3ng \u201c\u0110\u01a1n h\u00e0ng\u201d \u0111i v\u00e0o h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng, th\u00ec DFD M\u1ee9c 1 ph\u1ea3i hi\u1ec3n th\u1ecb c\u00f9ng lu\u1ed3ng \u201c\u0110\u01a1n h\u00e0ng\u201d \u0111\u00f3 \u0111i v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t trong c\u00e1c quy tr\u00ecnh con. B\u1ea1n kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e9p l\u00e0m m\u1ea5t d\u1eef li\u1ec7u trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ph\u00e2n r\u00e3.<\/p>\n

              \n
            • L\u1ed7i th\u01b0\u1eddng g\u1eb7p:<\/strong> S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 M\u1ee9c 1 th\u00eam m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o m\u1edbi m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 trong s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 M\u1ee9c 0.<\/li>\n
            • L\u1ed7i th\u01b0\u1eddng g\u1eb7p:<\/strong> S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 M\u1ee9c 1 lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea7u ra \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i trong s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 M\u1ee9c 0.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

              T\u1ea1i sao C\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng l\u1ea1i quan tr\u1ecdng<\/h3>\n

              Khi m\u1ed9t s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng, ph\u1ea1m vi c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u00e3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u ghi nh\u1eadn. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y ng\u1ee5 \u00fd c\u00f3 ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng m\u1edbi ho\u1eb7c ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng b\u1ecb m\u1ea5t. Trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c thi\u1ebfu t\u00ednh n\u0103ng ho\u1eb7c c\u00e1c l\u1ed7i kh\u00f4ng mong \u0111\u1ee3i. \u0110\u1ec3 duy tr\u00ec s\u1ef1 c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng:<\/p>\n

                \n
              1. Li\u1ec7t k\u00ea t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7u ra cho quy tr\u00ecnh cha.<\/li>\n
              2. V\u1ebd c\u00e1c quy tr\u00ecnh con.<\/li>\n
              3. Ki\u1ec3m tra xem m\u1ecdi \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o c\u1ee7a quy tr\u00ecnh cha \u0111\u1ec1u xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n d\u01b0\u1edbi d\u1ea1ng \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o c\u1ee7a quy tr\u00ecnh con.<\/li>\n
              4. Ki\u1ec3m tra xem m\u1ecdi \u0111\u1ea7u ra c\u1ee7a quy tr\u00ecnh cha \u0111\u1ec1u xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n d\u01b0\u1edbi d\u1ea1ng \u0111\u1ea7u ra c\u1ee7a quy tr\u00ecnh con.<\/li>\n
              5. N\u1ebfu d\u1eef li\u1ec7u xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n \u1edf quy tr\u00ecnh con nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u1edf quy tr\u00ecnh cha, h\u00e3y m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng ng\u1eef c\u1ea3nh c\u1ee7a quy tr\u00ecnh cha ho\u1eb7c lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u00f3 kh\u1ecfi quy tr\u00ecnh con.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                \ud83d\uddc4\ufe0f K\u1ebft n\u1ed1i Kho d\u1eef li\u1ec7u<\/h2>\n

                Kho d\u1eef li\u1ec7u l\u00e0 b\u1ed9 nh\u1edb c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng. Ch\u00fang th\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ed9ng. Ch\u00fang kh\u00f4ng di chuy\u1ec3n d\u1eef li\u1ec7u; c\u00e1c quy tr\u00ecnh m\u1edbi l\u00e0 th\u1ee9 di chuy\u1ec3n d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ebfn v\u00e0 t\u1eeb ch\u00fang. M\u1ed9t l\u1ed7i ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn l\u00e0 k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp hai kho d\u1eef li\u1ec7u b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u.<\/p>\n

                Sai:<\/strong> Kho d\u1eef li\u1ec7u A \u2500\u2500\u2500> Kho d\u1eef li\u1ec7u B<\/p>\n

                \u0110\u00fang:<\/strong> Kho d\u1eef li\u1ec7u A \u2500\u2500\u2500> Quy tr\u00ecnh \u2500\u2500\u2500> Kho d\u1eef li\u1ec7u B<\/p>\n

                Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 d\u1eef li\u1ec7u di chuy\u1ec3n gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c kho l\u01b0u tr\u1eef m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t quy tr\u00ecnh th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n vi\u1ec7c di chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u00f3. N\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n v\u1ebd m\u1ed9t \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1eb3ng, b\u1ea1n \u0111ang ng\u1ee5 \u00fd m\u1ed9t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi m\u1ed9t quy tr\u00ecnh c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 ph\u1ea3i th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n vi\u1ec7c di chuy\u1ec3n. Lu\u00f4n \u0111\u1ecbnh tuy\u1ebfn c\u00e1c k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i kho d\u1eef li\u1ec7u th\u00f4ng qua m\u1ed9t quy tr\u00ecnh.<\/p>\n

                \ud83d\udd04 Nh\u00e2n b\u1ea3n Th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i<\/h2>\n

                Vi\u1ec7c v\u1ebd c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ea7n tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 duy nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec3 ti\u1ebft ki\u1ec7m kh\u00f4ng gian ho\u1eb7c gi\u1ea3m s\u1ed1 l\u1ea7n c\u1eaft nhau c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 thu\u1eadn ti\u1ec7n v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t th\u1ecb gi\u00e1c nh\u01b0ng l\u1ea1i d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c l\u1ed7i logic.<\/p>\n

                  \n
                • Quy t\u1eafc:<\/strong> M\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i ch\u1ec9 n\u00ean xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh.<\/li>\n
                • L\u00fd do:<\/strong>N\u1ebfu “Kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng” xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n hai l\u1ea7n, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u00f3 v\u1ebb nh\u01b0 \u00e1m ch\u1ec9 hai ng\u01b0\u1eddi ho\u1eb7c vai tr\u00f2 kh\u00e1c nhau. N\u00f3 ng\u1ee5 \u00fd hai ngu\u1ed3n d\u1eef li\u1ec7u ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t.<\/li>\n
                • Gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p:<\/strong>N\u1ebfu c\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng qu\u00e1 d\u00e0i, h\u00e3y s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u n\u1ed1i ho\u1eb7c v\u1ebd l\u1ea1i b\u1ed1 c\u1ee5c. Kh\u00f4ng sao ch\u00e9p h\u1ed9p.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                  \ud83d\udee1\ufe0f Danh s\u00e1ch ki\u1ec3m tra \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 \u0111\u1ed9 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c c\u1ee7a m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh<\/h2>\n

                  \u0110\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn, h\u00e3y s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng danh s\u00e1ch ki\u1ec3m tra n\u00e0y tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi ho\u00e0n thi\u1ec7n b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh n\u00e0o. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y gi\u00fap ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c l\u1ed7i d\u1ec5 b\u1ecb b\u1ecf s\u00f3t khi t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c v\u1ebd.<\/p>\n

                    \n
                  • Ki\u1ec3m tra \u0110\u1ea7u v\u00e0o\/\u0110\u1ea7u ra:<\/strong>M\u1ed7i quy tr\u00ecnh c\u00f3 \u00edt nh\u1ea5t m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea7u ra kh\u00f4ng?<\/li>\n
                  • H\u01b0\u1edbng d\u00f2ng ch\u1ea3y:<\/strong>T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c m\u0169i t\u00ean c\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u00fang h\u01b0\u1edbng kh\u00f4ng? D\u00f2ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u ph\u1ea3i di chuy\u1ec3n t\u1eeb ngu\u1ed3n \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u00edch.<\/li>\n
                  • S\u1ef1 c\u00f4 l\u1eadp th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3:<\/strong>C\u00f3 d\u00f2ng ch\u1ea3y tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp n\u00e0o gi\u1eefa hai th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i kh\u00f4ng?<\/li>\n
                  • S\u1ef1 c\u00f4 l\u1eadp kho d\u1eef li\u1ec7u:<\/strong>C\u00f3 d\u00f2ng ch\u1ea3y tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp n\u00e0o gi\u1eefa hai kho d\u1eef li\u1ec7u kh\u00f4ng?<\/li>\n
                  • T\u00ednh nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n v\u1ec1 t\u00ean g\u1ecdi:<\/strong>T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c nh\u00e3n c\u00f3 r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng, c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 v\u00e0 nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n trong to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u kh\u00f4ng?<\/li>\n
                  • C\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng:<\/strong>S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 1 c\u00f3 kh\u1edbp v\u1edbi c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o\/\u0111\u1ea7u ra c\u1ee7a s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ng\u1eef c\u1ea3nh c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 0 kh\u00f4ng?<\/li>\n
                  • Bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi:<\/strong>T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i c\u00f3 n\u1eb1m ngo\u00e0i bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng kh\u00f4ng?<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                    \ud83d\udcca So s\u00e1nh c\u00e1c l\u1ed7i v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p<\/h2>\n

                    B\u1ea3ng d\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y t\u00f3m t\u1eaft c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec3m nguy hi\u1ec3m quan tr\u1ecdng v\u00e0 c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng kh\u1eafc ph\u1ee5c c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft ch\u00fang.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
                    Danh m\u1ee5c l\u1ed7i<\/th>\nCh\u1ec9 b\u00e1o tr\u1ef1c quan<\/th>\nH\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng kh\u1eafc ph\u1ee5c<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n
                    L\u1ed7 \u0111en<\/td>\nC\u00f3 m\u0169i t\u00ean \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u0169i t\u00ean \u0111\u1ea7u ra<\/td>\nTh\u00eam d\u00f2ng ch\u1ea3y \u0111\u1ea7u ra cho kho d\u1eef li\u1ec7u ho\u1eb7c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                    Ph\u00e9p m\u00e0u<\/td>\nC\u00f3 m\u0169i t\u00ean \u0111\u1ea7u ra nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u0169i t\u00ean \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o<\/td>\nT\u00ecm ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c v\u00e0 th\u00eam d\u00f2ng ch\u1ea3y \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                    Th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ebfn Th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3<\/td>\nM\u0169i t\u00ean gi\u1eefa hai h\u1ed9p (Th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3)<\/td>\nCh\u00e8n m\u1ed9t quy tr\u00ecnh gi\u1eefa ch\u00fang<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                    Kho \u0111\u1ebfn Kho<\/td>\nM\u0169i t\u00ean gi\u1eefa hai h\u00ecnh ch\u1eef nh\u1eadt m\u1edf<\/td>\n\u0110\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1eabn qua m\u1ed9t quy tr\u00ecnh<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                    Th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 tr\u00f9ng l\u1eb7p<\/td>\nT\u00ean th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n hai l\u1ea7n<\/td>\nH\u1ee3p nh\u1ea5t th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 duy nh\u1ea5t<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                    C\u00e1c m\u1ee9c kh\u00f4ng c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng<\/td>\n\u0110\u1ea7u v\u00e0o\/\u0111\u1ea7u ra kh\u00f4ng kh\u1edbp gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c m\u1ee9c<\/td>\n\u0110i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh lu\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi ph\u1ea1m vi cha<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

                    \ud83d\udca1 T\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a k\u00e9m<\/h2>\n

                    T\u1ea1i sao m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 chi ti\u1ebft n\u00e0y l\u1ea1i quan tr\u1ecdng? Khi m\u1ed9t DFD ch\u1ee9a c\u00e1c l\u1ed7i n\u00e0y, kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch gi\u1eefa m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng l\u1edbn. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o c\u00e1c bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ed3 n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec3 vi\u1ebft m\u00e3. N\u1ebfu bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ed3 n\u00f3i d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111i t\u1eeb A \u0111\u1ebfn B, nh\u01b0ng m\u00e3 l\u1ea1i mong \u0111\u1ee3i n\u00f3 \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn C, h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng s\u1ebd th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n

                    H\u01a1n n\u1eefa, vi\u1ec7c b\u1ea3o tr\u00ec tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t c\u01a1n \u00e1c m\u1ed9ng. Khi m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1eadp nh\u1eadt, nh\u00f3m ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n xem bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng. N\u1ebfu bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ed3 ch\u1ee9a \u0111\u1ea7y c\u00e1c l\u1ed7 \u0111en ho\u1eb7c nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u k\u1ef3 di\u1ec7u, nh\u00f3m kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec s\u1ebd b\u1ecb h\u1ecfng. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn \u201cm\u00e3 m\u00ec \u1ed1ng\u201d v\u00e0 n\u1ee3 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt.<\/p>\n

                    M\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t kho\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 v\u00e0o v\u00f2ng \u0111\u1eddi c\u1ee7a ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m. N\u00f3 gi\u1ea3m chi ph\u00ed thay \u0111\u1ed5i v\u1ec1 sau trong d\u1ef1 \u00e1n. M\u1ed9t DFD s\u1ea1ch s\u1ebd v\u00e0 logic \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ed3ng gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u kinh doanh v\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c tri\u1ec3n khai k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt.<\/p>\n

                    \ud83d\udee0\ufe0f C\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 so v\u1edbi Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadn<\/h2>\n

                    Vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 v\u1ebd bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ed3 v\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra n\u00f3 l\u00e0 r\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng. Nhi\u1ec1u c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a cung c\u1ea5p c\u00e1c t\u00ednh n\u0103ng \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u00f3a vi\u1ec7c x\u00e1c th\u1ef1c, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 l\u00e0m n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt c\u00e1c lu\u1ed3ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng. Tuy nhi\u00ean, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 n\u00e0o c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 thay th\u1ebf ph\u00e1n \u0111o\u00e1n c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1ec1 logic kinh doanh.<\/p>\n

                      \n
                    • T\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u00f3a:<\/strong>C\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ki\u1ec3m tra c\u00e1c l\u1ed7i c\u00fa ph\u00e1p, nh\u01b0 thi\u1ebfu nh\u00e3n ho\u1eb7c k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ee9t.<\/li>\n
                    • Logic:<\/strong>Con ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ea3i x\u00e1c minh xem lu\u1ed3ng c\u00f3 h\u1ee3p l\u00fd trong ng\u1eef c\u1ea3nh kinh doanh hay kh\u00f4ng.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                      \u0110\u1eebng ch\u1ec9 d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e1c th\u1ef1c m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n. M\u1ed9t bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ed3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ho\u00e0n h\u1ea3o v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t c\u00fa ph\u00e1p nh\u01b0ng l\u1ea1i sai l\u1ec7ch v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t logic. V\u00ed d\u1ee5, m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 cho ph\u00e9p lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u t\u1eeb th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 n\u00e0y sang th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 kh\u00e1c, nh\u01b0ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadn quy \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00fang. Lu\u00f4n \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c quy t\u1eafc c\u1ee7a l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft DFD b\u1ea5t k\u1ec3 c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n h\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5.<\/p>\n

                      \ud83d\udd0d X\u00e1c th\u1ef1c qua c\u00e1c bu\u1ed5i \u0111i b\u1ed9 qua<\/h2>\n

                      Sau khi bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1ebd, n\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c th\u1ef1c. C\u00e1ch t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y l\u00e0 th\u00f4ng qua m\u1ed9t bu\u1ed5i \u0111i b\u1ed9 qua v\u1edbi c\u00e1c b\u00ean li\u00ean quan. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y bao g\u1ed3m vi\u1ec7c \u0111i qua bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ed3 t\u1eebng b\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1ed9t.<\/p>\n

                        \n
                      1. B\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb Ng\u1eef c\u1ea3nh:<\/strong>X\u00e1c minh ranh gi\u1edbi v\u1edbi kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u00f3 bao ph\u1ee7 m\u1ecdi th\u1ee9 h\u1ecd mong \u0111\u1ee3i kh\u00f4ng?<\/li>\n
                      2. Theo d\u00f5i Lu\u1ed3ng:<\/strong>Theo d\u00f5i m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n d\u1eef li\u1ec7u c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 t\u1eeb \u0111i\u1ec3m v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111i\u1ec3m ra. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u00f3 h\u1ee3p l\u00fd kh\u00f4ng?<\/li>\n
                      3. H\u1ecfi \u201cT\u1ea1i sao\u201d:<\/strong> T\u1ea1i sao d\u1eef li\u1ec7u n\u00e0y l\u1ea1i c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y? T\u1ea1i sao n\u00f3 l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u01b0u tr\u1eef \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y?<\/li>\n
                      4. Ki\u1ec3m tra c\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecbnh:<\/strong>C\u00f3 gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecbnh n\u00e0o v\u1ec1 c\u00e1ch x\u1eed l\u00fd d\u1eef li\u1ec7u ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi l\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng?<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                        Vi\u1ec7c r\u00e0 so\u00e1t h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c n\u00e0y th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 n\u01a1i ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c l\u1ed7i nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t. C\u00e1c b\u00ean li\u00ean quan c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn ra r\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t quy tr\u00ecnh h\u1ecd t\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00e0 t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u00f3a th\u1ef1c ra l\u00e0 th\u1ee7 c\u00f4ng, ho\u1eb7c ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y thay \u0111\u1ed5i bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ed3 lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u (DFD) m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3.<\/p>\n

                        \ud83d\udcdd Nh\u1eefng suy ngh\u0129 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ed9 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c<\/h2>\n

                        Vi\u1ec7c t\u1ea1o bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ed3 lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u00e0i t\u1eadp v\u1ec1 t\u01b0 duy logic v\u00e0 giao ti\u1ebfp. \u0110\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01a1n thu\u1ea7n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 v\u1ebd h\u00ecnh; \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a v\u1ec1 c\u00e1ch h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng. B\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch tr\u00e1nh nh\u1eefng sai l\u1ea7m ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00eau trong h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn n\u00e0y, b\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ed3 c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh l\u00e0 t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u tham kh\u1ea3o \u0111\u00e1ng tin c\u1eady cho vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u00e0 b\u1ea3o tr\u00ec.<\/p>\n

                        T\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o b\u1ed1n th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n. T\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng c\u00e1c quy t\u1eafc v\u1ec1 lu\u1ed3ng v\u00e0 l\u01b0u tr\u1eef. Duy tr\u00ec t\u00ednh nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n trong vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1eb7t t\u00ean. C\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9. X\u00e1c th\u1ef1c v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c. Khi c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7, DFD tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m r\u00f5 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 thay v\u00ec l\u00e0 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 nh\u1ea7m l\u1eabn.<\/p>\n

                        H\u00e3y nh\u1edb r\u1eb1ng m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft. N\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ed3 g\u00e2y nh\u1ea7m l\u1eabn, n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i, b\u1ea5t k\u1ec3 n\u00f3 ch\u1ee9a bao nhi\u00eau h\u1ed9p. H\u00e3y \u01b0u ti\u00ean s\u1ef1 r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng thay v\u00ec \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p. M\u1ed9t bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c lu\u00f4n v\u01b0\u1ee3t tr\u1ed9i h\u01a1n m\u1ed9t bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ed3 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p v\u00e0 sai s\u00f3t.<\/p>\n

                        \ud83d\ude80 T\u00f3m t\u1eaft nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec3m ch\u00ednh c\u1ea7n ghi nh\u1edb<\/h2>\n
                          \n
                        • Kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd \u0111\u1ec3 m\u1ea5t d\u1eef li\u1ec7u:<\/strong>Tr\u00e1nh c\u00e1c ‘L\u1ed7 \u0111en’ (\u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea7u ra) v\u00e0 ‘Ph\u00e9p m\u00e0u’ (\u0111\u1ea7u ra kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o).<\/li>\n
                        • T\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng c\u00e1c ranh gi\u1edbi:<\/strong>Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 lu\u1ed3ng tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i ho\u1eb7c c\u00e1c kho d\u1eef li\u1ec7u.<\/li>\n
                        • Duy tr\u00ec s\u1ef1 c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng:<\/strong>\u0110\u1ea7u v\u00e0o v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7u ra ph\u1ea3i kh\u1edbp nhau \u1edf t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u00e2n r\u00e3.<\/li>\n
                        • S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng t\u00ean r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng:<\/strong>\u0110\u1ed9ng t\u1eeb – Danh t\u1eeb cho c\u00e1c quy tr\u00ecnh, danh t\u1eeb c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 cho c\u00e1c lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u.<\/li>\n
                        • R\u00e0 so\u00e1t nghi\u00eam ng\u1eb7t:<\/strong>S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng danh s\u00e1ch ki\u1ec3m tra v\u00e0 c\u00e1c bu\u1ed5i \u0111i qua \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c l\u1ed7i logic.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                          Tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7 c\u00e1c h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn n\u00e0y s\u1ebd t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 cho d\u1ef1 \u00e1n t\u1eeb giai \u0111o\u1ea1n h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi tri\u1ec3n khai. Nh\u1eefng n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c d\u00e0nh cho \u0111\u1ed9 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c ngay b\u00e2y gi\u1edd s\u1ebd ti\u1ebft ki\u1ec7m \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 th\u1eddi gian v\u00e0 t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean trong c\u00e1c giai \u0111o\u1ea1n l\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh v\u00e0 ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed. H\u00e3y coi m\u1ed7i bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ed3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u quan tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a h\u00e0nh vi c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

                          Bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ed3 lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u (DFD) \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef tr\u1ef1c quan quan tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u c\u00e1ch th\u00f4ng tin di chuy\u1ec3n qua m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng. Ch\u00fang cung…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":2118,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_title":"Tr\u00e1nh nh\u1eefng sai l\u1ea7m: Nh\u1eefng l\u1ed7i ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn trong vi\u1ec7c v\u1ebd bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ed3 lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"H\u1ecdc c\u00e1ch tr\u00e1nh nh\u1eefng l\u1ed7i ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn trong vi\u1ec7c v\u1ebd bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ed3 lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u nh\u01b0 l\u1ed7 \u0111en, ph\u00e9p m\u00e0u v\u00e0 c\u00e1c l\u1ed7i v\u1ec1 c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng. M\u1ed9t h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt \u0111\u1ec3 m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a DFD ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c.","source_url":"","fifu_image_url":"","fifu_image_alt":"","_fifu_image_alt":"","fifu_alt":"","_fifu_alt":"","fifu_image_title":"","_fifu_image_title":"","fifu_input_alt":"","vp_image_hash":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[96],"tags":[89,95],"asset-category":[],"class_list":["post-2117","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-dfd","tag-academic","tag-dfd"],"source_url":"","fifu_image_url":"","fifu_image_alt":"","vp_image_hash":"","yoast_head":"\nTr\u00e1nh nh\u1eefng sai l\u1ea7m: Nh\u1eefng l\u1ed7i ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn trong vi\u1ec7c v\u1ebd bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ed3 lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"H\u1ecdc c\u00e1ch tr\u00e1nh nh\u1eefng l\u1ed7i ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn trong vi\u1ec7c v\u1ebd bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ed3 lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u nh\u01b0 l\u1ed7 \u0111en, ph\u00e9p m\u00e0u v\u00e0 c\u00e1c l\u1ed7i v\u1ec1 c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng. 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