{"id":1988,"date":"2026-03-21T15:13:38","date_gmt":"2026-03-21T15:13:38","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.viz-note.com\/vi\/core-concepts-object-oriented-modeling-uml\/"},"modified":"2026-03-21T15:13:38","modified_gmt":"2026-03-21T15:13:38","slug":"core-concepts-object-oriented-modeling-uml","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.viz-note.com\/vi\/core-concepts-object-oriented-modeling-uml\/","title":{"rendered":"H\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn UML: C\u00e1c Kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m C\u1ed1t l\u00f5i c\u1ee7a M\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a H\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng"},"content":{"rendered":"
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\"Hand-drawn<\/figure>\n<\/div>\n

M\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng (OOM) \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 l\u00e0 b\u1ea3n v\u1ebd ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac cho c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i. N\u00f3 chuy\u1ec3n tr\u1ecdng t\u00e2m t\u1eeb logic theo tr\u00ecnh t\u1ef1 sang d\u1eef li\u1ec7u c\u00f3 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh vi. Ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t (UML) cung c\u1ea5p k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u chu\u1ea9n \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1ef1c quan h\u00f3a, m\u00f4 t\u1ea3, x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng v\u00e0 t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u h\u00f3a c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng n\u00e0y. Vi\u1ec7c hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean l\u00fd c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n gi\u00fap c\u00e1c ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac s\u01b0 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf c\u00e1c \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng, d\u1ec5 b\u1ea3o tr\u00ec v\u00e0 b\u1ec1n v\u1eefng m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3.<\/p>\n

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\ud83d\udca1 Nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec3m ch\u00ednh c\u1ea7n l\u01b0u \u00fd<\/h2>\n
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    Bao \u0111\u00f3ng v\u00e0 \u1ea8n d\u1eef li\u1ec7u:<\/strong>Gom d\u1eef li\u1ec7u v\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi nhau, h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf truy c\u1eadp tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp v\u00e0o tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i n\u1ed9i b\u1ed9.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  • \n

    K\u1ebf th\u1eeba v\u00e0 Kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng t\u00e1i s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng:<\/strong>Cho ph\u00e9p c\u00e1c l\u1edbp m\u1edbi k\u1ebf th\u1eeba thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh vi t\u1eeb c\u00e1c l\u1edbp hi\u1ec7n c\u00f3, gi\u1ea3m thi\u1ec3u s\u1ef1 tr\u00f9ng l\u1eb7p.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  • \n

    \u0110a h\u00ecnh v\u00e0 T\u00ednh linh ho\u1ea1t:<\/strong>Cho ph\u00e9p c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u1eed l\u00fd nh\u01b0 th\u1ec3 ch\u00fang l\u00e0 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a l\u1edbp cha, cho ph\u00e9p s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng thay th\u1ebf l\u1eabn nhau.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n

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    Tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 \u0110\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n h\u00f3a:<\/strong>T\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o c\u00e1c \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh thi\u1ebft y\u1ebfu trong khi che gi\u1ea5u c\u00e1c chi ti\u1ebft n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p kh\u1ecfi ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n

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    S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 UML:<\/strong>C\u00e1c c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 tr\u1ef1c quan nh\u01b0 s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 L\u1edbp v\u00e0 S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 Chu\u1ed7i gi\u00fap l\u00e0m r\u00f5 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 c\u00e1c t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n

    1. N\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng: L\u1edbp v\u00e0 \u0110\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \ud83e\uddf1<\/h2>\n

    \u1ede trung t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa l\u1edbp v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng. L\u1edbp \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 nh\u01b0 b\u1ea3n v\u1ebd ho\u1eb7c khu\u00f4n m\u1eabu. N\u00f3 \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh vi chung cho m\u1ed9t t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng. \u0110\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o ra t\u1eeb b\u1ea3n v\u1ebd \u0111\u00f3.<\/p>\n

    H\u00e3y xem x\u00e9t m\u1ed9t l\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3 c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u cho h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n. L\u1edbp S\u00e1ch<\/strong> \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a c\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh nh\u01b0 ti\u00eau \u0111\u1ec1<\/em>, t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3<\/em>, v\u00e0 ISBN<\/em>. N\u00f3 c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c nh\u01b0 m\u01b0\u1ee3n<\/em> ho\u1eb7c tr\u1ea3<\/em>. Khi m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3, v\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 \u201cNgh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt chi\u1ebfn tranh\u201d<\/em>, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eadp v\u00e0o h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng, n\u00f3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng. \u0110\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u00e0y l\u01b0u tr\u1eef c\u00e1c gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 cho c\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh \u0111\u00f3.<\/p>\n

    S\u1ef1 t\u00e1ch bi\u1ec7t n\u00e0y cho ph\u00e9p t\u00ednh nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n. N\u1ebfu S\u00e1ch<\/em> l\u1edbp \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1eadp nh\u1eadt \u0111\u1ec3 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u n\u0103m xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n, m\u1ecdi \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o s\u1ebd k\u1ebf th\u1eeba y\u00eau c\u1ea7u n\u00e0y m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9ng. C\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u0169 gi\u1eef nguy\u00ean d\u1eef li\u1ec7u hi\u1ec7n c\u00f3, \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o t\u00ednh \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh khi m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n.<\/p>\n

    2. B\u1ed1n tr\u1ee5 c\u1ed9t c\u1ee7a l\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \ud83c\udfdb\ufe0f<\/h2>\n

    Thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean b\u1ed1n kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m ch\u00ednh \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n c\u00e1ch d\u1eef li\u1ec7u v\u00e0 logic t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c v\u1edbi nhau. Nh\u1eefng tr\u1ee5 c\u1ed9t n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh v\u1eabn gi\u1eef \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ednh modular v\u00e0 d\u1ec5 qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd.<\/p>\n

    2.1 Bao \u0111\u00f3ng \ud83d\udd12<\/h3>\n

    Bao \u0111\u00f3ng bao g\u1ed3m vi\u1ec7c gom d\u1eef li\u1ec7u (thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh) v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c (thao t\u00e1c) ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng tr\u00ean d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u00f3 v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb duy nh\u1ea5t. Quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t, n\u00f3 h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf truy c\u1eadp tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n th\u00f4ng qua c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n truy c\u1eadp.<\/p>\n

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      C\u00f4ng khai:<\/strong> C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 truy c\u1eadp t\u1eeb b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 \u0111\u00e2u.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n

    • \n

      Ri\u00eang t\u01b0:<\/strong> Ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 truy c\u1eadp b\u00ean trong ch\u00ednh l\u1edbp \u0111\u00f3.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n

    • \n

      B\u1ea3o v\u1ec7:<\/strong> C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 truy c\u1eadp trong l\u1edbp v\u00e0 c\u00e1c l\u1edbp con c\u1ee7a n\u00f3.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

      B\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch \u1ea9n tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i n\u1ed9i b\u1ed9, bao \u0111\u00f3ng ng\u0103n c\u1ea3n m\u00e3 b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0o tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i kh\u00f4ng h\u1ee3p l\u1ec7. N\u00f3 bu\u1ed9c t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c th\u00f4ng qua c\u00e1c giao di\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng, gi\u1ea3m s\u1ef1 ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c ph\u1ea7n kh\u00e1c nhau c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng.<\/p>\n

      2.2 K\u1ebf th\u1eeba \ud83c\udf33<\/h3>\n

      K\u1ebf th\u1eeba cho ph\u00e9p m\u1ed9t l\u1edbp m\u1edbi ti\u1ebfp nh\u1eadn c\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh v\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t l\u1edbp hi\u1ec7n c\u00f3. L\u1edbp hi\u1ec7n c\u00f3 l\u00e0 cha<\/strong> ho\u1eb7c l\u1edbp cha<\/strong>. L\u1edbp m\u1edbi l\u00e0 con<\/strong> ho\u1eb7c l\u1edbp con<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

      \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y vi\u1ec7c t\u00e1i s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng m\u00e3. Thay v\u00ec vi\u1ebft l\u1ea1i logic cho c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh vi chung, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a ch\u00fang m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n trong l\u1edbp cha. V\u00ed d\u1ee5, m\u1ed9t l\u1edbp Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n<\/em> c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a b\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1<\/em> v\u00e0 t\u1eaft \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1<\/em>. A Xe \u00f4 t\u00f4<\/em> l\u1edbp v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t Xe t\u1ea3i<\/em> l\u1edbp c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 k\u1ebf th\u1eeba c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c n\u00e0y trong khi th\u00eam c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh vi c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 nh\u01b0 l\u00e1i xe<\/em> ho\u1eb7c t\u1ea3i h\u00e0ng<\/em>.<\/p>\n

      2.3 \u0110a h\u00ecnh \ud83c\udfad<\/h3>\n

      \u0110a h\u00ecnh cho ph\u00e9p c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng thu\u1ed9c c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i kh\u00e1c nhau \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u1eed l\u00fd nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t si\u00eau l\u1edbp chung. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t giao di\u1ec7n duy nh\u1ea5t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n c\u00e1c d\u1ea1ng c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n kh\u00e1c nhau.<\/p>\n

      Trong m\u1ed9t m\u00f4 ph\u1ecfng, m\u1ed9t h\u00e0m di chuy\u1ec3n()<\/em> c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u00e0o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ebf th\u1eeba t\u1eeb Nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt<\/em>. D\u00f9 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t V\u00f5 s\u0129<\/em> hay m\u1ed9t Ph\u00f9 th\u1ee7y<\/em>, l\u1eddi g\u1ecdi di chuy\u1ec3n()<\/em> l\u00e0 h\u1ee3p l\u1ec7. C\u00e1ch tri\u1ec3n khai c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i t\u00f9y theo lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng. S\u1ef1 linh ho\u1ea1t n\u00e0y l\u00e0m \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n h\u00f3a c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac m\u00e3 ngu\u1ed3n v\u00e0 gi\u00fap vi\u1ec7c th\u00eam c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i m\u1edbi tr\u1edf n\u00ean d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng h\u01a1n m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n thay \u0111\u1ed5i logic hi\u1ec7n c\u00f3.<\/p>\n

      2.4 Tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u00f3a \ud83c\udfa8<\/h3>\n

      Tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u00f3a t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o che gi\u1ea5u c\u00e1c chi ti\u1ebft tri\u1ec3n khai ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p v\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 hi\u1ec3n th\u1ecb c\u00e1c t\u00ednh n\u0103ng thi\u1ebft y\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng. N\u00f3 gi\u00fap qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch chia h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c m\u00f4-\u0111un d\u1ec5 qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd.<\/p>\n

      Khi ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c v\u1edbi c\u1ed5ng thanh to\u00e1n, h\u1ecd s\u1ebd th\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t n\u00fat \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n x\u1eed l\u00fdThanhTo\u00e1n()<\/em> n\u00fat. H\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y c\u00e1c thu\u1eadt to\u00e1n m\u00e3 h\u00f3a, giao d\u1ecbch c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u hay c\u00e1c giao th\u1ee9c m\u1ea1ng \u0111ang ch\u1ea1y \u1edf n\u1ec1n. M\u00f4 h\u00ecnh n\u00e0y lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p n\u00e0y, cung c\u1ea5p m\u1ed9t giao di\u1ec7n s\u1ea1ch s\u1ebd.<\/p>\n

      3. C\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \ud83d\udd17<\/h2>\n

      C\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u00f4ng t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch c\u00f4 l\u1eadp. Ch\u00fang li\u00ean k\u1ebft v\u1edbi nhau th\u00f4ng qua nhi\u1ec1u m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 kh\u00e1c nhau. Hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 n\u00e0y l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c.<\/p>\n

      3.1 Li\u00ean k\u1ebft \ud83e\udd1d<\/h3>\n

      M\u1ed9t li\u00ean k\u1ebft \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho m\u1ed9t li\u00ean k\u1ebft c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac gi\u1eefa hai l\u1edbp. N\u00f3 \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t l\u1edbp \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a l\u1edbp kh\u00e1c. V\u00ed d\u1ee5, m\u1ed9t Sinh vi\u00ean<\/em> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c li\u00ean k\u1ebft v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t Kh\u00f3a h\u1ecdc<\/em>. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t-\u0111\u1ed1i-m\u1ed9t, m\u1ed9t-\u0111\u1ed1i-nhi\u1ec1u ho\u1eb7c nhi\u1ec1u-\u0111\u1ed1i-nhi\u1ec1u.<\/p>\n

      3.2 T\u00edch h\u1ee3p \ud83e\udde9<\/h3>\n

      T\u00edch h\u1ee3p l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i li\u00ean k\u1ebft c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 ‘to\u00e0n th\u1ec3-ph\u1ea7n’. C\u00e1c ph\u1ea7n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp v\u1edbi to\u00e0n th\u1ec3.<\/p>\n

      X\u00e9t m\u1ed9t Ph\u00f2ng ban<\/em> v\u00e0 Nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean<\/em>. N\u1ebfu Ph\u00f2ng ban b\u1ecb gi\u1ea3i th\u1ec3, c\u00e1c Nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean v\u1eabn t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp. M\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 n\u00e0y l\u00e0 y\u1ebfu; v\u00f2ng \u0111\u1eddi c\u1ee7a ph\u1ea7n kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o to\u00e0n th\u1ec3.<\/p>\n

      3.3 K\u1ebft h\u1ee3p \ud83e\uddf1<\/h3>\n

      K\u1ebft h\u1ee3p l\u00e0 d\u1ea1ng m\u1ea1nh h\u01a1n c\u1ee7a t\u00edch h\u1ee3p. C\u00e1c ph\u1ea7n kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 to\u00e0n th\u1ec3. V\u00f2ng \u0111\u1eddi c\u1ee7a ph\u1ea7n b\u1ecb g\u1eafn k\u1ebft v\u1edbi v\u00f2ng \u0111\u1eddi c\u1ee7a to\u00e0n th\u1ec3.<\/p>\n

      H\u00e3y ngh\u0129 \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t Ng\u00f4i nh\u00e0<\/em> v\u00e0 c\u00e1c Ph\u00f2ng<\/em>. N\u1ebfu ng\u00f4i nh\u00e0 b\u1ecb ph\u00e1 b\u1ecf, c\u00e1c ph\u00f2ng s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac \u0111\u00f3. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y cho th\u1ea5y s\u1ef1 s\u1edf h\u1eefu m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd v\u00e0 ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c trong m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh.<\/p>\n

      3.4 Ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c \u26a1<\/h3>\n

      Ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng. M\u1ed9t l\u1edbp ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o l\u1edbp kh\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n ho\u1eb7c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng, nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng s\u1edf h\u1eefu n\u00f3.<\/p>\n

      N\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t L\u1edbp t\u1ea1o b\u00e1o c\u00e1o<\/em> s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng m\u1ed9t L\u1edbp k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u<\/em>l\u1edbp t\u1ea1m th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea5y d\u1eef li\u1ec7u, th\u00ec n\u00f3 c\u00f3 m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c. N\u1ebfu l\u1edbp k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i thay \u0111\u1ed5i, l\u1edbp t\u1ea1o b\u00e1o c\u00e1o c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u1ea7n \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh, nh\u01b0ng n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng s\u1edf h\u1eefu s\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a l\u1edbp k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i.<\/p>\n

      4. Tr\u1ef1c quan h\u00f3a m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh v\u1edbi UML \ud83d\udcd0<\/h2>\n

      Ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t cung c\u1ea5p c\u00e1c bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n tr\u1ef1c quan \u0111\u1ec3 truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea1t c\u00e1c kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m n\u00e0y m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 lo\u1ea1i s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u00e0 thi\u1ebft y\u1ebfu cho m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng.<\/p>\n

      4.1 S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u1edbp<\/h3>\n

      S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u1edbp l\u00e0 n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac t\u0129nh. Ch\u00fang hi\u1ec3n th\u1ecb c\u00e1c l\u1edbp, thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh, thao t\u00e1c v\u00e0 c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng. Ch\u00fang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh b\u1ea3n v\u1ebd thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<\/colgroup>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
      \n

      Y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1<\/p>\n<\/th>\n

      		\n

      M\u00f4 t\u1ea3<\/p>\n<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n

      \n

      T\u00ean l\u1edbp<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

      		\n

      X\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 (v\u00ed d\u1ee5: Kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng).<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

      \n

      Thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

      		\n

      D\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u01b0u tr\u1eef trong l\u1edbp.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

      \n

      Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

      		\n

      H\u00e0nh vi ho\u1eb7c ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng c\u00f3 s\u1eb5n cho l\u1edbp.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

      \n

      M\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

      		\n

      C\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng n\u1ed1i gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c l\u1edbp (Li\u00ean k\u1ebft, K\u1ebf th\u1eeba).<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

      4.2 S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/h3>\n

      S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng hi\u1ec3n th\u1ecb m\u1ed9t b\u1ee9c \u1ea3nh ch\u1ee5p h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng t\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3. Ch\u00fang bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf thay v\u00ec c\u00e1c l\u1edbp t\u1ed5ng qu\u00e1t. Nh\u1eefng s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 n\u00e0y h\u1eefu \u00edch cho vi\u1ec7c g\u1ee1 l\u1ed7i v\u00e0 hi\u1ec3u c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p.<\/p>\n

      4.3 S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 tu\u1ea7n t\u1ef1<\/h3>\n

      S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 tu\u1ea7n t\u1ef1 minh h\u1ecda c\u00e1c t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c theo th\u1eddi gian. Ch\u00fang cho th\u1ea5y c\u00e1ch c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng giao ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3. C\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho d\u00f2ng th\u1eddi gian, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c m\u0169i t\u00ean ngang \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho c\u00e1c th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c truy\u1ec1n gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng.<\/p>\n

      5. Nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf cho m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc \ud83d\udee1\ufe0f<\/h2>\n

      Vi\u1ec7c t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01a1n thu\u1ea7n l\u00e0 v\u1ebd c\u00e1c h\u00ecnh h\u1ed9p v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng k\u1ebb. N\u00f3 \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7 c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf nh\u1eb1m \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o t\u00ednh kh\u1ea3 thi l\u00e2u d\u00e0i.<\/p>\n

      5.1 Nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m \u0111\u01a1n nh\u1ea5t<\/h3>\n

      M\u1ed7i l\u1edbp n\u00ean c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t l\u00fd do duy nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i. N\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t l\u1edbp x\u1eed l\u00fd c\u1ea3 k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u v\u00e0 hi\u1ec3n th\u1ecb giao di\u1ec7n ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng, n\u00f3 s\u1ebd tr\u1edf n\u00ean qu\u00e1 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p. Vi\u1ec7c t\u00e1ch bi\u1ec7t c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y s\u1ebd c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng b\u1ea3o tr\u00ec.<\/p>\n

      5.2 Nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc M\u1edf\/\u0110\u00f3ng<\/h3>\n

      C\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 n\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u00f3ng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi thay \u0111\u1ed5i. B\u1ea1n n\u00ean c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u00eam ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng m\u1edbi b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch th\u00eam c\u00e1c l\u1edbp m\u1edbi thay v\u00ec s\u1eeda \u0111\u1ed5i c\u00e1c l\u1edbp hi\u1ec7n c\u00f3. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y gi\u1ea3m thi\u1ec3u r\u1ee7i ro g\u00e2y l\u1ed7i v\u00e0o m\u00e3 ngu\u1ed3n \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh.<\/p>\n

      5.3 \u0110\u1ea3o ng\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c<\/h3>\n

      C\u00e1c module c\u1ea5p cao kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o c\u00e1c module c\u1ea5p th\u1ea5p. C\u1ea3 hai \u0111\u1ec1u n\u00ean ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o c\u00e1c tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y t\u00e1ch r\u1eddi h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng, cho ph\u00e9p c\u00e1c ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thay th\u1ebf m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m h\u1ecfng to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng.<\/p>\n

      6. Nh\u1eefng sai l\u1ea7m ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn trong m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a \u26a0\ufe0f<\/h2>\n

      Ngay c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac s\u01b0 c\u00f3 kinh nghi\u1ec7m c\u0169ng g\u1eb7p ph\u1ea3i th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c. Nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng l\u1ed7i ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn s\u1ebd gi\u00fap tr\u00e1nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00fang.<\/p>\n

        \n
      • \n

        Qu\u00e1 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf:<\/strong>T\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1c c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac ph\u00e2n c\u1ea5p ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p khi c\u00e1c c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ee7. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y l\u00e0m t\u0103ng t\u1ea3i nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n

      • \n

        B\u1ecf qua m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7:<\/strong>Ch\u00fa tr\u1ecdng qu\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u v\u00e0o t\u1eebng l\u1edbp ri\u00eang l\u1ebb v\u00e0 b\u1ecf qua c\u00e1ch ch\u00fang t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c s\u1ebd d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 t\u00edch h\u1ee3p sau n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n

      • \n

        T\u0129nh vs. \u0110\u1ed9ng:<\/strong>Thi\u1ebfu m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a c\u00e1ch h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng theo th\u1eddi gian. C\u00e1c s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 t\u0129nh l\u00e0 c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u lu\u1ed3ng th\u1ef1c thi.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n

      • \n

        Thi\u1ebfu s\u1ef1 nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n:<\/strong>S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u kh\u00e1c nhau cho c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m s\u1ebd g\u00e2y nh\u1ea7m l\u1eabn cho c\u00e1c b\u00ean li\u00ean quan v\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

        7. S\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a \ud83d\ude80<\/h2>\n

        C\u00e1c k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n. Trong khi c\u00e1c kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m c\u1ed1t l\u00f5i v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 v\u1eabn gi\u1eef nguy\u00ean, c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 v\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p \u0111\u00e3 th\u00edch nghi v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh m\u1edbi nh\u01b0 d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 vi m\u00f4 v\u00e0 ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac \u0111\u00e1m m\u00e2y nh\u1ea1y c\u1ea3m. Kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u00f3a v\u00e0 m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p v\u1eabn l\u00e0 k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng ch\u00ednh cho c\u00e1c ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac s\u01b0 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng.<\/p>\n

        B\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n tr\u00ean n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc, c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9i ng\u0169 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng d\u1ec5 hi\u1ec3u, d\u1ec5 s\u1eeda \u0111\u1ed5i v\u00e0 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng h\u01a1n. Vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 v\u00e0o m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng s\u1ebd mang l\u1ea1i l\u1ee3i \u00edch trong su\u1ed1t v\u00f2ng \u0111\u1eddi c\u1ee7a ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

        M\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng (OOM) \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 l\u00e0 b\u1ea3n v\u1ebd ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac cho c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i. N\u00f3 chuy\u1ec3n tr\u1ecdng t\u00e2m t\u1eeb logic theo…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":1989,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_title":"Nh\u1eefng kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m c\u1ed1t l\u00f5i c\u1ee7a m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng | H\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn UML","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"Kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 nh\u1eefng kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m c\u1ed1t l\u00f5i c\u1ee7a m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng b\u1eb1ng UML. 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