{"id":1804,"date":"2026-03-28T10:44:12","date_gmt":"2026-03-28T10:44:12","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.viz-note.com\/vi\/data-flow-diagrams-tutorial-drawing-first-diagram\/"},"modified":"2026-03-28T10:44:12","modified_gmt":"2026-03-28T10:44:12","slug":"data-flow-diagrams-tutorial-drawing-first-diagram","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.viz-note.com\/vi\/data-flow-diagrams-tutorial-drawing-first-diagram\/","title":{"rendered":"H\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn v\u1ec1 s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u: V\u1ebd s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Vi\u1ec7c t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n tr\u1ef1c quan r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng v\u1ec1 c\u00e1ch th\u00f4ng tin di chuy\u1ec3n qua m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng l\u00e0 n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng cho ph\u00e2n t\u00edch v\u00e0 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng. S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u (DFD) ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 \u0111\u00fang m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch n\u00e0y. N\u00f3 m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u t\u1eeb c\u00e1c ngu\u1ed3n b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i v\u00e0o h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 \u0111i ra c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u1ebfn, chi ti\u1ebft h\u00f3a c\u00e1c ph\u00e9p bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i x\u1ea3y ra d\u1ecdc theo h\u00e0nh tr\u00ecnh.<\/p>\n<p>H\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn n\u00e0y cung c\u1ea5p c\u00e1i nh\u00ecn s\u00e2u s\u1eafc v\u1ec1 c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng DFD. Ch\u00fang ta s\u1ebd kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh l\u1ecbch s\u1eed, c\u00e1c k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u c\u1ed1t l\u00f5i, c\u00e1c c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u00e2n c\u1ea5p, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c b\u01b0\u1edbc th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 v\u1ebd m\u1ed9t s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 \u0111\u1eb7c th\u00f9. \u0110\u1ebfn cu\u1ed1i h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn n\u00e0y, b\u1ea1n s\u1ebd hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c logic \u0111\u1eb1ng sau c\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00e9t v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trang b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u h\u00f3a c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3.<\/p>\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter\"><img alt=\"Hand-drawn sketch infographic teaching Data Flow Diagrams (DFD): illustrates four core components (external entities, processes, data stores, data flows), hierarchical decomposition levels (Context Diagram to Level 2), online store system example with labeled arrows, and key best practices for system analysis documentation\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.viz-note.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/data-flow-diagrams-tutorial-infographic-sketch.jpg\"\/><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<h2>\ud83e\udde0 Hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t DFD<\/h2>\n<p>Tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi v\u1ebd b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00e9t n\u00e0o, \u0111i\u1ec1u thi\u1ebft y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i hi\u1ec3u DFD th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec. Kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 lu\u1ed3ng, m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 lu\u1ed3ng \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n ho\u1eb7c logic c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh, DFD ch\u1ec9 t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o <strong>d\u1eef li\u1ec7u<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>T\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o d\u1eef li\u1ec7u:<\/strong> N\u00f3 cho th\u1ea5y d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eeb \u0111\u00e2u (ngu\u1ed3n) v\u00e0 \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e2u (\u0111i\u1ec3m thu).<\/li>\n<li><strong>T\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o c\u00e1c qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh:<\/strong> N\u00f3 minh h\u1ecda c\u00e1ch d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c d\u1ea1ng kh\u00e1c nhau.<\/li>\n<li><strong>T\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o l\u01b0u tr\u1eef:<\/strong> N\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 ra n\u01a1i d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u01b0u gi\u1eef \u0111\u1ec3 truy xu\u1ea5t sau n\u00e0y.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>DFD \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t h\u1eefu \u00edch trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n thu th\u1eadp y\u00eau c\u1ea7u. Ch\u00fang gi\u00fap c\u00e1c b\u00ean li\u00ean quan h\u00ecnh dung r\u00f5 ranh gi\u1edbi h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 x\u00e1c nh\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7u ra c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ebfn. S\u1ef1 giao ti\u1ebfp tr\u1ef1c quan n\u00e0y gi\u00fap l\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ea7y kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9i k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng kinh doanh.<\/p>\n<h2>\ud83d\udee0\ufe0f C\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n c\u1ed1t l\u00f5i v\u00e0 k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u<\/h2>\n<p>M\u1ed7i s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 h\u00ecnh d\u1ea1ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00e9t c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 c\u00f3 hai k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u ch\u00ednh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed (Yourdon &amp; DeMarco so v\u1edbi Gane &amp; Sarson), nh\u01b0ng c\u00e1c kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m v\u1eabn gi\u1eef nguy\u00ean. D\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch v\u1ec1 b\u1ed1n th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft cho b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 DFD n\u00e0o.<\/p>\n<h3>1. C\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i (ng\u01b0\u1eddi k\u1ebft th\u00fac)<\/h3>\n<p>Ch\u00fang \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho c\u00e1c ngu\u1ed3n ho\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a d\u1eef li\u1ec7u n\u1eb1m b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i ranh gi\u1edbi h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi, ph\u00f2ng ban ho\u1eb7c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng kh\u00e1c t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c v\u1edbi quy tr\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>V\u00ed d\u1ee5:<\/strong>Kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng, Nh\u00e0 cung c\u1ea5p, Ng\u00e2n h\u00e0ng, C\u01a1 quan ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Tr\u1ef1c quan:<\/strong>Th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh ch\u1eef nh\u1eadt ho\u1eb7c bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Quy t\u1eafc:<\/strong>Kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1eb7t c\u00e1c kho d\u1eef li\u1ec7u ho\u1eb7c qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i ranh gi\u1edbi h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>2. C\u00e1c qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh<\/h3>\n<p>M\u1ed9t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o th\u00e0nh lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ea7u ra. N\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c \u0111ang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n, c\u00e1c ph\u00e9p t\u00ednh ho\u1eb7c quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a ra trong h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>V\u00ed d\u1ee5:<\/strong>\u201cT\u00ednh thu\u1ebf\u201d, \u201cX\u00e1c minh \u0111\u01a1n h\u00e0ng\u201d, \u201cT\u1ea1o b\u00e1o c\u00e1o\u201d.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Tr\u1ef1c quan:<\/strong>M\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh tr\u00f2n ho\u1eb7c h\u00ecnh ch\u1eef nh\u1eadt bo tr\u00f2n.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Quy t\u1eafc:<\/strong>M\u1ecdi quy tr\u00ecnh ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 \u00edt nh\u1ea5t m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea7u ra.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>3. Kho d\u1eef li\u1ec7u<\/h3>\n<p>\u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 c\u00e1c kho l\u01b0u tr\u1eef n\u01a1i d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u01b0u l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ec3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u, m\u1ed9t t\u1ec7p tin, m\u1ed9t t\u1ee7 h\u1ed3 s\u01a1 v\u1eadt l\u00fd, ho\u1eb7c m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ec7m t\u1ea1m th\u1eddi.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>V\u00ed d\u1ee5:<\/strong>C\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng, Nh\u1eadt k\u00fd t\u1ed3n kho, L\u1ecbch s\u1eed \u0111\u01a1n h\u00e0ng.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Tr\u1ef1c quan:<\/strong>H\u00ecnh ch\u1eef nh\u1eadt h\u1edf ho\u1eb7c hai \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng song song.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Quy t\u1eafc:<\/strong>C\u00e1c quy tr\u00ecnh ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ecdc t\u1eeb ho\u1eb7c ghi v\u00e0o kho d\u1eef li\u1ec7u; ch\u00fang kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 chuy\u1ec3n d\u1eef li\u1ec7u tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp t\u1eeb kho n\u00e0y sang kho kh\u00e1c.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>4. Lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u<\/h3>\n<p>\u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 c\u00e1c con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng m\u00e0 d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111i qua. Ch\u00fang \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho s\u1ef1 di chuy\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a d\u1eef li\u1ec7u gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3, quy tr\u00ecnh v\u00e0 kho l\u01b0u tr\u1eef.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>V\u00ed d\u1ee5:<\/strong>\u201cChi ti\u1ebft \u0111\u01a1n h\u00e0ng\u201d, \u201cX\u00e1c nh\u1eadn thanh to\u00e1n\u201d, \u201cC\u1eadp nh\u1eadt t\u1ed3n kho\u201d.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Tr\u1ef1c quan:<\/strong>M\u1ed9t m\u0169i t\u00ean c\u00f3 nh\u00e3n m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 n\u1ed9i dung d\u1eef li\u1ec7u.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Quy t\u1eafc:<\/strong>C\u00e1c m\u0169i t\u00ean ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e1nh nh\u00e3n. Nh\u1eefng m\u0169i t\u00ean kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 nh\u00e3n l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng h\u1ee3p l\u1ec7.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n<\/th>\n<th>H\u00ecnh d\u1ea1ng k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u (Yourdon &amp; DeMarco)<\/th>\n<th>H\u00ecnh d\u1ea1ng k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u (Gane &amp; Sarson)<\/th>\n<th>Ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>Th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i<\/td>\n<td>H\u00ecnh ch\u1eef nh\u1eadt<\/td>\n<td>H\u00ecnh vu\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u00e1c g\u00f3c bo tr\u00f2n<\/td>\n<td>Ngu\u1ed3n ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u00edch<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Quy tr\u00ecnh<\/td>\n<td>H\u00ecnh tr\u00f2n<\/td>\n<td>H\u00ecnh ch\u1eef nh\u1eadt bo tr\u00f2n<\/td>\n<td>Chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i d\u1eef li\u1ec7u<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Kho d\u1eef li\u1ec7u<\/td>\n<td>H\u00ecnh ch\u1eef nh\u1eadt m\u1edf<\/td>\n<td>H\u00ecnh ch\u1eef nh\u1eadt m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng<\/td>\n<td>L\u01b0u tr\u1eef d\u1eef li\u1ec7u<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>D\u00f2ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u<\/td>\n<td>M\u0169i t\u00ean<\/td>\n<td>M\u0169i t\u00ean<\/td>\n<td>Di chuy\u1ec3n d\u1eef li\u1ec7u<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h2>\ud83d\udcc9 C\u00e1c m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng trong s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u (DFD)<\/h2>\n<p>C\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n trong m\u1ed9t s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 duy nh\u1ea5t. \u0110\u1ec3 qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p, c\u00e1c s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u (DFD) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1ebd \u1edf c\u00e1c m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 chi ti\u1ebft kh\u00e1c nhau, t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 vi\u1ec7c ph\u00f3ng to tr\u00ean b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed3. Th\u1ee9 t\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n c\u1ea5p n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n r\u00e3.<\/p>\n<h3>M\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 0: S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh<\/h3>\n<p>\u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 g\u00f3c nh\u00ecn \u1edf m\u1ee9c cao nh\u1ea5t. N\u00f3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh duy nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 v\u1edbi c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i. N\u00f3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u00f5 ranh gi\u1edbi c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>S\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh:<\/strong> 1 (To\u00e0n b\u1ed9 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng).<\/li>\n<li><strong>M\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 chi ti\u1ebft:<\/strong>T\u1ed1i thi\u1ec3u. Kh\u00f4ng hi\u1ec3n th\u1ecb c\u00e1c qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh n\u1ed9i b\u1ed9.<\/li>\n<li><strong>M\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng:<\/strong>\u0110\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a ph\u1ea1m vi v\u00e0 th\u1ecfa thu\u1eadn \u1edf c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 cao.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>M\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 1: C\u00e1c qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh con ch\u00ednh<\/h3>\n<p>\u1ede \u0111\u00e2y, qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh duy nh\u1ea5t t\u1eeb s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e1ch ra th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh con ch\u00ednh. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 n\u01a1i c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac n\u1ed9i b\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>S\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh:<\/strong>T\u1eeb 3 \u0111\u1ebfn 7 l\u00e0 l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ec3 d\u1ec5 \u0111\u1ecdc.<\/li>\n<li><strong>M\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 chi ti\u1ebft:<\/strong>C\u00e1c khu v\u1ef1c ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng ch\u00ednh.<\/li>\n<li><strong>M\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng:<\/strong>Hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 c\u00e1c m\u00f4-\u0111un ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng ch\u00ednh.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>M\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 2: C\u00e1c qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh con chi ti\u1ebft<\/h3>\n<p>M\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00e0y \u0111i s\u00e2u v\u00e0o c\u00e1c qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 \u1edf m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 1. N\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng cho c\u00e1c ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n t\u00edch s\u00e2u h\u01a1n.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>S\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh:<\/strong>Thay \u0111\u1ed5i t\u00f9y theo qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh cha.<\/li>\n<li><strong>M\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 chi ti\u1ebft:<\/strong> C\u00e1c b\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 b\u00ean trong m\u1ed9t h\u00e0m.<\/li>\n<li><strong>C\u00e1ch s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng:<\/strong>H\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn tri\u1ec3n khai v\u00e0 logic chi ti\u1ebft.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>M\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 3: S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y<\/h3>\n<p>Ch\u00fang hi\u1ebfm khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1ebd tr\u1eeb khi h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng c\u1ef1c k\u1ef3 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p. Ch\u00fang \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 chi ti\u1ebft th\u1ea5p nh\u1ea5t, th\u01b0\u1eddng t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi c\u00e1c m\u00f4-\u0111un m\u00e3 c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 ho\u1eb7c c\u00e1c quy tr\u00ecnh th\u1ee7 c\u00f4ng.<\/p>\n<h2>\ud83d\ude80 H\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn t\u1eebng b\u01b0\u1edbc v\u1ebd s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u (DFD)<\/h2>\n<p>Th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n theo c\u00e1ch ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn c\u00f3 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd cho d\u1ef1 \u00e1n c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n.<\/p>\n<h3>B\u01b0\u1edbc 1: X\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh ranh gi\u1edbi h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng<\/h3>\n<p>X\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh nh\u1eefng g\u00ec n\u1eb1m b\u00ean trong h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec n\u1eb1m b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y r\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i v\u00e0 c\u00e1c qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh b\u00ean trong. V\u1ebd m\u1ed9t khung bao quanh c\u00e1c qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng.<\/p>\n<h3>B\u01b0\u1edbc 2: X\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i<\/h3>\n<p>Li\u1ec7t k\u00ea t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi, t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c ho\u1eb7c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i s\u1ebd t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c v\u1edbi h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n. \u0110\u1eb7t ch\u00fang b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i khung ranh gi\u1edbi. Ghi nh\u00e3n ch\u00fang m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng.<\/p>\n<h3>B\u01b0\u1edbc 3: V\u1ebd s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh (m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 0)<\/h3>\n<p>V\u1ebd m\u1ed9t v\u00f2ng tr\u00f2n duy nh\u1ea5t \u1edf ch\u00ednh gi\u1eefa \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng. K\u1ebft n\u1ed1i c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i v\u1edbi v\u00f2ng tr\u00f2n n\u00e0y b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c m\u0169i t\u00ean. Ghi nh\u00e3n c\u00e1c m\u0169i t\u00ean n\u00e0y b\u1eb1ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111ang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trao \u0111\u1ed5i (v\u00ed d\u1ee5: \u201cY\u00eau c\u1ea7u \u0111\u1eb7t h\u00e0ng\u201d, \u201cH\u00f3a \u0111\u01a1n \u0111\u00e3 g\u1eedi\u201d).<\/p>\n<h3>B\u01b0\u1edbc 4: Ph\u00e2n r\u00e3 th\u00e0nh m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 1<\/h3>\n<p>M\u1edf r\u1ed9ng v\u00f2ng tr\u00f2n duy nh\u1ea5t th\u00e0nh nhi\u1ec1u qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh. H\u1ecfi: \u201cNh\u1eefng ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng n\u00e0y l\u00e0 g\u00ec?\u201d.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>X\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o.<\/li>\n<li>X\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ea7u ra.<\/li>\n<li>X\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1c kho d\u1eef li\u1ec7u c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft.<\/li>\n<li>V\u1ebd c\u00e1c m\u0169i t\u00ean k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3, qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh v\u00e0 kho d\u1eef li\u1ec7u.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>B\u01b0\u1edbc 5: \u00c1p d\u1ee5ng quy t\u1eafc c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng<\/h3>\n<p>\u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 quy t\u1eafc k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t. C\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7u ra c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh cha ph\u1ea3i kh\u1edbp v\u1edbi c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7u ra c\u1ee7a s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 con c\u1ee7a n\u00f3.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>N\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 0 c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o l\u00e0 \u201cM\u00e3 kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng\u201d, th\u00ec m\u1ed9t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh con m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 1 c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 \u201cM\u00e3 kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng\u201d \u0111i v\u00e0o ho\u1eb7c \u0111i ra.<\/li>\n<li>N\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 1 t\u1ea1o ra \u201cD\u1eef li\u1ec7u b\u00e1o c\u00e1o\u201d, th\u00ec qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh cha m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 0 c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i xu\u1ea5t \u201cD\u1eef li\u1ec7u b\u00e1o c\u00e1o\u201d \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>B\u01b0\u1edbc 6: Xem x\u00e9t v\u00e0 x\u00e1c minh<\/h3>\n<p>Ki\u1ec3m tra s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n theo y\u00eau c\u1ea7u.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c m\u0169i t\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi nh\u00e3n ch\u01b0a?<\/li>\n<li>T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7u ra ch\u01b0a?<\/li>\n<li>Li\u1ec7u c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111i t\u1eeb m\u1ecdi th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t kho d\u1eef li\u1ec7u ho\u1eb7c qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh kh\u00f4ng?<\/li>\n<li>C\u00f3 b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00e0o \u201cgi\u1ed1ng m\u00ec \u0103n li\u1ec1n\u201d (ch\u00e9o nhau m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft) n\u00e0o kh\u00f4ng?<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>\ud83c\udfea T\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng v\u00ed d\u1ee5: H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng C\u1eeda h\u00e0ng Tr\u1ef1c tuy\u1ebfn<\/h2>\n<p>\u0110\u1ec3 minh h\u1ecda c\u00e1c kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m, h\u00e3y c\u00f9ng \u0111i qua m\u1ed9t t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng C\u1eeda h\u00e0ng Tr\u1ef1c tuy\u1ebfn \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n h\u00f3a.<\/p>\n<h3>S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh (M\u1ee9c 0)<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3:<\/strong> Kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3:<\/strong> C\u1ed5ng thanh to\u00e1n.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3:<\/strong> Kho h\u00e0ng.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Quy tr\u00ecnh:<\/strong> H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng C\u1eeda h\u00e0ng Tr\u1ef1c tuy\u1ebfn.<\/li>\n<li><strong>D\u00f2ng ch\u1ea3y:<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>Kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng \u2794 H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng: Chi ti\u1ebft \u0110\u01a1n h\u00e0ng<\/li>\n<li>H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u2794 Kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng: X\u00e1c nh\u1eadn \u0110\u01a1n h\u00e0ng<\/li>\n<li>H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u2794 C\u1ed5ng thanh to\u00e1n: Th\u00f4ng tin Thanh to\u00e1n<\/li>\n<li>C\u1ed5ng thanh to\u00e1n \u2794 H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng: Tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i Thanh to\u00e1n<\/li>\n<li>H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u2794 Kho h\u00e0ng: Y\u00eau c\u1ea7u Giao h\u00e0ng<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>Ph\u00e2n r\u00e3 m\u1ee9c 1<\/h3>\n<p>Ch\u00fang ta chia nh\u1ecf \u201cH\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng C\u1eeda h\u00e0ng Tr\u1ef1c tuy\u1ebfn\u201d th\u00e0nh ba quy tr\u00ecnh ch\u00ednh:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li><strong>Qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd \u0110\u01a1n h\u00e0ng:<\/strong> Nh\u1eadn chi ti\u1ebft \u0111\u01a1n h\u00e0ng, ki\u1ec3m tra t\u1ed3n kho.<\/li>\n<li><strong>X\u1eed l\u00fd Thanh to\u00e1n:<\/strong> X\u1eed l\u00fd th\u00f4ng tin th\u1ebb t\u00edn d\u1ee5ng, x\u00e1c minh s\u1ed1 d\u01b0.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Giao h\u00e0ng:<\/strong> Giao ti\u1ebfp v\u1edbi kho h\u00e0ng.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<h3>C\u00e1c kho d\u1eef li\u1ec7u<\/h3>\n<p>Ch\u00fang ta gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u hai kho d\u1eef li\u1ec7u:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li><strong>C\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0110\u01a1n h\u00e0ng:<\/strong> L\u01b0u tr\u1eef l\u1ecbch s\u1eed v\u00e0 tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i \u0111\u01a1n h\u00e0ng.<\/li>\n<li><strong>C\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u H\u00e0ng t\u1ed3n kho:<\/strong> L\u01b0u tr\u1eef m\u1ee9c t\u1ed3n kho hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>Trong s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 1 n\u00e0y, &#8220;Qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd \u0111\u01a1n h\u00e0ng&#8221; ghi v\u00e0o C\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0110\u01a1n h\u00e0ng. &#8220;X\u1eed l\u00fd thanh to\u00e1n&#8221; \u0111\u1ecdc t\u1eeb C\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0110\u01a1n h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e1c nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01a1n h\u00e0ng t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi t\u00ednh ph\u00ed v\u00e0o th\u1ebb. &#8220;Giao h\u00e0ng&#8221; \u0111\u1ecdc t\u1eeb C\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u Kho \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e1c nh\u1eadn h\u00e0ng h\u00f3a c\u00f3 s\u1eb5n tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi g\u1eedi y\u00eau c\u1ea7u v\u1eadn chuy\u1ec3n.<\/p>\n<h2>\u26a0\ufe0f Nh\u1eefng sai l\u1ea7m v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec3m nguy hi\u1ec3m ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn<\/h2>\n<p>Ngay c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng chuy\u00ean gia c\u00f3 kinh nghi\u1ec7m c\u0169ng m\u1eafc l\u1ed7i khi v\u1ebd s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 DFD. Tr\u00e1nh nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec3m nguy hi\u1ec3m ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n v\u1eabn h\u1ee3p l\u1ec7 v\u00e0 h\u1eefu \u00edch.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>D\u00f2ng \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n:<\/strong>Kh\u00f4ng v\u1ebd c\u00e1c m\u0169i t\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho t\u00edn hi\u1ec7u \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n (v\u00ed d\u1ee5: &#8220;Nh\u1ea5n n\u00fat&#8221;, &#8220;Th\u00f4ng b\u00e1o l\u1ed7i&#8221;) tr\u1eeb khi ch\u00fang ch\u1ee9a d\u1eef li\u1ec7u. S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 DFD theo d\u00f5i d\u1eef li\u1ec7u, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng theo d\u00f5i logic \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n.<\/li>\n<li><strong>D\u00f2ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp t\u1eeb kho n\u00e0y sang kho kh\u00e1c:<\/strong>D\u1eef li\u1ec7u kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 di chuy\u1ec3n tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp t\u1eeb kho d\u1eef li\u1ec7u n\u00e0y sang kho d\u1eef li\u1ec7u kh\u00e1c. N\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i \u0111i qua m\u1ed9t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh tr\u01b0\u1edbc. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i ho\u1eb7c x\u00e1c th\u1ef1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n.<\/li>\n<li><strong>M\u0169i t\u00ean kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 nh\u00e3n:<\/strong>M\u1ed9t m\u0169i t\u00ean kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 nh\u00e3n kh\u00f4ng cung c\u1ea5p th\u00f4ng tin g\u00ec. Lu\u00f4n \u0111\u1eb7t t\u00ean cho d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111ang ch\u1ea3y qua \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng n\u1ed1i.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh \u1ea3o:<\/strong>M\u1ed9t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o ho\u1eb7c kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea7u ra l\u00e0 v\u00f4 d\u1ee5ng. M\u1ed7i h\u00ecnh tr\u00f2n ph\u1ea3i bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Qu\u00e1 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p:<\/strong>N\u1ebfu s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 1 c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n 7-9 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh, th\u00ec c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 qu\u00e1 chi ti\u1ebft. H\u00e3y chia n\u00f3 th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c khu v\u1ef1c ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng h\u1ee3p l\u00fd.<\/li>\n<li><strong>B\u1ecf qua c\u00e1c h\u1ed1 \u0111en:<\/strong>M\u1ed9t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea7u ra \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 &#8220;h\u1ed1 \u0111en&#8221;. N\u00f3 ti\u00eau th\u1ee5 d\u1eef li\u1ec7u nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng t\u1ea1o ra b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 th\u1ee9 g\u00ec.<\/li>\n<li><strong>B\u1ecf qua c\u00e1c ph\u00e9p m\u00e0u:<\/strong>M\u1ed9t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea7u ra v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 &#8220;ph\u00e9p m\u00e0u&#8221;. N\u00f3 t\u1ea1o ra d\u1eef li\u1ec7u t\u1eeb kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 g\u00ec.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>\ud83d\udcdd C\u00e1c th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t cho t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u<\/h2>\n<p>Vi\u1ec7c t\u1ea1o s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t n\u1eeda c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c. T\u00e0i li\u1ec7u v\u00e0 b\u1ea3o tr\u00ec \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 DFD v\u1eabn c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb theo th\u1eddi gian.<\/p>\n<h3>Quy \u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1eb7t t\u00ean nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n<\/h3>\n<p>S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ecbnh d\u1ea1ng chu\u1ea9n \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1eb7t t\u00ean cho c\u00e1c qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh v\u00e0 lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh:<\/strong>S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ecbnh d\u1ea1ng \u0110\u1ed9ng t\u1eeb-Danh t\u1eeb (v\u00ed d\u1ee5: &#8220;X\u00e1c th\u1ef1c ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng&#8221;, &#8220;T\u1ea1o b\u00e1o c\u00e1o&#8221;).<\/li>\n<li><strong>Lu\u1ed3ng:<\/strong>S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ecbnh d\u1ea1ng Danh t\u1eeb (v\u00ed d\u1ee5: &#8220;Th\u00f4ng tin \u0111\u0103ng nh\u1eadp ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng&#8221;, &#8220;B\u00e1o c\u00e1o doanh s\u1ed1&#8221;).<\/li>\n<li><strong>Kho:<\/strong>S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng danh t\u1eeb s\u1ed1 nhi\u1ec1u (v\u00ed d\u1ee5: &#8220;Danh s\u00e1ch kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng&#8221;, &#8220;Danh s\u00e1ch s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m&#8221;).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>M\u00e3 m\u00e0u<\/h3>\n<p>S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng m\u00e0u s\u1eafc \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n kh\u00e1c nhau ho\u1eb7c c\u00e1c m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u00e1c nhau.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>M\u00e0u xanh cho c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i.<\/li>\n<li>M\u00e0u xanh l\u00e1 cho c\u00e1c qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh.<\/li>\n<li>M\u00e0u cam cho c\u00e1c kho l\u01b0u tr\u1eef d\u1eef li\u1ec7u.<\/li>\n<li>M\u00e0u \u0111\u1ecf cho c\u00e1c lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u quan tr\u1ecdng.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>Ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t phi\u00ean b\u1ea3n<\/h3>\n<p>Y\u00eau c\u1ea7u h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng thay \u0111\u1ed5i. C\u00e1c s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 DFD c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n ph\u1ea3i ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh nh\u1eefng thay \u0111\u1ed5i n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>G\u00e1n s\u1ed1 phi\u00ean b\u1ea3n cho c\u00e1c s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n (v1.0, v1.1).<\/li>\n<li>Duy tr\u00ec nh\u1eadt k\u00fd thay \u0111\u1ed5i ghi l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng g\u00ec \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00eam, x\u00f3a ho\u1eb7c ch\u1ec9nh s\u1eeda.<\/li>\n<li>L\u01b0u tr\u1eef c\u00e1c phi\u00ean b\u1ea3n c\u0169 \u0111\u1ec3 duy tr\u00ec \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111i ki\u1ec3m to\u00e1n.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>\ud83d\udd17 T\u00edch h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p kh\u00e1c<\/h2>\n<p>C\u00e1c s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 DFD kh\u00f4ng t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch bi\u1ec7t. Ch\u00fang th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a khung ph\u00e2n t\u00edch c\u00f3 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac l\u1edbn h\u01a1n.<\/p>\n<h3>S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 quan h\u1ec7 th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 (ERD)<\/h3>\n<p>Trong khi DFD th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u, th\u00ec ERD th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac d\u1eef li\u1ec7u. Khi b\u1ea1n x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1c Kho l\u01b0u tr\u1eef d\u1eef li\u1ec7u trong s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 DFD c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, b\u1ea1n th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf c\u00e1c b\u1ea3ng cho ch\u00fang b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ERD. DFD cho b\u1ea1n bi\u1ebft d\u1eef li\u1ec7u n\u00e0o l\u00e0 c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft; c\u00f2n ERD cho b\u1ea1n bi\u1ebft d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o.<\/p>\n<h3>Ti\u1ebfng Anh c\u00f3 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac<\/h3>\n<p>\u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p trong DFD, m\u1ed9t s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee7. Ti\u1ebfng Anh c\u00f3 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p gi\u1eefa ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean v\u00e0 logic l\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 logic b\u00ean trong m\u1ed9t n\u00fat qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh.<\/p>\n<h3>T\u1eeb \u0111i\u1ec3n d\u1eef li\u1ec7u<\/h3>\n<p>M\u1ecdi lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u, kho l\u01b0u tr\u1eef v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ec1u ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a trong T\u1eeb \u0111i\u1ec3n d\u1eef li\u1ec7u. T\u00e0i li\u1ec7u n\u00e0y cung c\u1ea5p th\u00f4ng tin m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 cho s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3, bao g\u1ed3m ki\u1ec3u d\u1eef li\u1ec7u, k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecbnh d\u1ea1ng (v\u00ed d\u1ee5: \u201cM\u00e3 kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng: S\u1ed1 nguy\u00ean, 10 ch\u1eef s\u1ed1\u201d).<\/p>\n<h2>\ud83d\udee0\ufe0f C\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 v\u00e0 l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m<\/h2>\n<p>B\u1ea1n kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m \u0111\u1eaft ti\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 DFD. Tr\u1ecdng t\u00e2m n\u00ean l\u00e0 logic, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 th\u1ea9m m\u1ef9.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>B\u1ea3ng tr\u1eafng v\u00e0 b\u00fat d\u1ea1:<\/strong>R\u1ea5t t\u1ed1t cho vi\u1ec7c th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u00e0 b\u1ea3n nh\u00e1p ban \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1edbi c\u00e1c b\u00ean li\u00ean quan.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Gi\u1ea5y v\u00e0 b\u00fat ch\u00ec:<\/strong>C\u00e1ch nhanh nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m m\u1ed9t \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n b\u1edfi ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m.<\/li>\n<li><strong>C\u00e1c c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 v\u1ebd th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng:<\/strong>B\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ed3 h\u1ecda vector n\u00e0o c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1c s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 s\u1ed1 s\u1ea1ch s\u1ebd.<\/li>\n<li><strong>C\u00e1c c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch chuy\u00ean d\u1ee5ng:<\/strong>C\u00f3 r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 chuy\u00ean d\u1ee5ng s\u1eb5n s\u00e0ng cho ph\u00e2n t\u00edch h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng. H\u00e3y ch\u1ecdn m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u DFD chu\u1ea9n v\u00e0 cho ph\u00e9p qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd phi\u00ean b\u1ea3n.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>D\u00f9 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 n\u00e0o, h\u00e3y \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 \u0111\u00f3 cho ph\u00e9p b\u1ea1n xu\u1ea5t s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 d\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u1ecbnh d\u1ea1ng chu\u1ea9n \u0111\u1ec3 chia s\u1ebb v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed9i nh\u00f3m.<\/p>\n<h2>\ud83d\udd04 B\u1ea3o tr\u00ec v\u00e0 v\u00f2ng \u0111\u1eddi<\/h2>\n<p>M\u1ed9t s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 DFD l\u00e0 t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u s\u1ed1ng. Khi h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i thay \u0111\u1ed5i theo.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Y\u00eau c\u1ea7u thay \u0111\u1ed5i:<\/strong>Khi c\u00f3 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u t\u00ednh n\u0103ng m\u1edbi, h\u00e3y c\u1eadp nh\u1eadt s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 c\u1ea5p 1 \u0111\u1ec3 xem t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Ph\u00e2n t\u00edch t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng:<\/strong>N\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t quy tr\u00ecnh thay \u0111\u1ed5i, h\u00e3y ki\u1ec3m tra c\u00e1c quy tr\u00ecnh kh\u00e1c n\u00e0o ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea7u ra c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. C\u1eadp nh\u1eadt c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u00f3 n\u1eefa.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Xem x\u00e9t m\u00e3 ngu\u1ed3n:<\/strong>C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n n\u00ean tham kh\u1ea3o s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh tri\u1ec3n khai \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o m\u00e3 ngu\u1ed3n ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi logic lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed:<\/strong>C\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c suy ra t\u1eeb c\u00e1c lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u. N\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t lu\u1ed3ng t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i, th\u00ec ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t b\u00e0i ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e1c minh t\u00ednh to\u00e0n v\u1eb9n d\u1eef li\u1ec7u d\u1ecdc theo h\u00e0nh tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u00f3.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>\ud83d\udcda T\u00f3m t\u1eaft c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc ch\u00ednh<\/h2>\n<p>T\u00f3m l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec3m then ch\u1ed1t \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1c s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>B\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n:<\/strong>B\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u b\u1eb1ng s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh (c\u1ea5p 0) \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh ph\u1ea1m vi.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Ph\u00e2n r\u00e3 d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n:<\/strong>Chuy\u1ec3n t\u1eeb c\u1ea5p 0 sang c\u1ea5p 1 r\u1ed3i \u0111\u1ebfn c\u1ea5p 2 ch\u1ec9 khi c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft.<\/li>\n<li><strong>C\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch nghi\u00eam ng\u1eb7t:<\/strong>\u0110\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7u ra kh\u1edbp nhau gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c c\u1ea5p cha v\u00e0 con.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Ghi nh\u00e3n m\u1ecdi th\u1ee9:<\/strong>Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u0169i t\u00ean hay quy tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0o ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi nh\u00e3n.<\/li>\n<li><strong>T\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o d\u1eef li\u1ec7u:<\/strong>B\u1ecf qua logic \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n; ch\u1ec9 theo d\u00f5i s\u1ef1 di chuy\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a d\u1eef li\u1ec7u.<\/li>\n<li><strong>X\u00e1c minh v\u1edbi c\u00e1c b\u00ean li\u00ean quan:<\/strong>Xem x\u00e9t s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 c\u00f9ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng kinh doanh \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ed9 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>B\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7 c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc n\u00e0y, b\u1ea1n s\u1ebd t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u tham kh\u1ea3o ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u00e1ng tin c\u1eady cho c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed v\u00e0 nh\u00e0 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch kinh doanh. \u0110\u1ed9 r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng c\u1ee7a s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a v\u00f2ng \u0111\u1eddi ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng.<\/p>\n<h2>\ud83c\udfc1 Nh\u1eefng suy ngh\u0129 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng<\/h2>\n<p>Th\u00e0nh th\u1ea1o ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt v\u1ebd s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi luy\u1ec7n t\u1eadp v\u00e0 c\u00e1ch ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn nghi\u00eam t\u00fac trong t\u01b0 duy h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01a1n thu\u1ea7n l\u00e0 v\u1ebd c\u00e1c h\u00ecnh d\u1ea1ng; m\u00e0 l\u00e0 hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 chu k\u1ef3 s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a th\u00f4ng tin trong t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c. Khi b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 theo d\u00f5i m\u1ed9t m\u1ea3nh d\u1eef li\u1ec7u t\u1eeb ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u1ebfn cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng, b\u1ea1n th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 \u0111\u00e3 hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng.<\/p>\n<p>S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn n\u00e0y nh\u01b0 n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng. Luy\u1ec7n t\u1eadp tr\u00ean c\u00e1c t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, ph\u1ea3n bi\u1ec7n s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh b\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n nh\u1eefng sai l\u1ea7m ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn, v\u00e0 lu\u00f4n \u01b0u ti\u00ean s\u1ef1 r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng h\u01a1n l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p. M\u1ed9t s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 DFD \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1ebd t\u1ed1t l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u00e0nh th\u1ea7m l\u1eb7ng trong vi\u1ec7c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1ng tin c\u1eady.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Vi\u1ec7c t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n tr\u1ef1c quan r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng v\u1ec1 c\u00e1ch th\u00f4ng tin di chuy\u1ec3n qua m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng l\u00e0 n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng cho ph\u00e2n t\u00edch v\u00e0 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf h\u1ec7&hellip;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":1805,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_title":"H\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn v\u1ebd s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u: V\u1ebd s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 DFD \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n \ud83d\udcca","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"H\u1ecdc c\u00e1ch v\u1ebd s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u t\u1eebng b\u01b0\u1edbc. Hi\u1ec3u c\u00e1c c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 DFD, k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t cho ph\u00e2n t\u00edch v\u00e0 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng.","fifu_image_url":"","fifu_image_alt":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[96],"tags":[89,95],"class_list":["post-1804","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-dfd","tag-academic","tag-dfd"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.1.1 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>H\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn v\u1ebd s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u: V\u1ebd s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 DFD \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n \ud83d\udcca<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"H\u1ecdc c\u00e1ch v\u1ebd s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u t\u1eebng b\u01b0\u1edbc. 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