{"id":1794,"date":"2026-03-29T00:54:15","date_gmt":"2026-03-29T00:54:15","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.viz-note.com\/vi\/collaborating-on-data-flow-diagrams-teamwork-tips\/"},"modified":"2026-03-29T00:54:15","modified_gmt":"2026-03-29T00:54:15","slug":"collaborating-on-data-flow-diagrams-teamwork-tips","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.viz-note.com\/vi\/collaborating-on-data-flow-diagrams-teamwork-tips\/","title":{"rendered":"H\u1ee3p t\u00e1c trong vi\u1ec7c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 Lu\u1ed3ng D\u1eef li\u1ec7u: M\u1eb9o l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c nh\u00f3m"},"content":{"rendered":"

Thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n ch\u1ec9 k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt; n\u00f3 \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi s\u1ef1 n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ed9i. Khi x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng m\u1ed9t S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 Lu\u1ed3ng D\u1eef li\u1ec7u (DFD)<\/strong>, \u0111\u1ed9 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c c\u1ee7a bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c c\u00e1c b\u00ean li\u00ean quan, nh\u00e0 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch v\u00e0 nh\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n giao ti\u1ebfp hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 ra sao. M\u1ed9t DFD kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01a1n thu\u1ea7n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3n v\u1ebd; n\u00f3 l\u00e0 b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed3 v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 di chuy\u1ec3n th\u00f4ng tin, logic v\u00e0 l\u01b0u tr\u1eef b\u00ean trong m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng. Thi\u1ebfu s\u1ef1 h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng, nh\u1eefng b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed3 n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u1ec7ch kh\u1ecfi th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c ph\u1ea3i s\u1eeda ch\u1eefa t\u1ed1n k\u00e9m \u1edf giai \u0111o\u1ea1n sau trong v\u00f2ng \u0111\u1eddi ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n.<\/p>\n

H\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn n\u00e0y kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 c\u00e1c c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 nh\u1eb1m t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1c S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 Lu\u1ed3ng D\u1eef li\u1ec7u v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc. Ch\u00fang ta s\u1ebd \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c vai tr\u00f2 tham gia, c\u00f4ng t\u00e1c chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u ph\u00e1c th\u1ea3o, c\u00e1c k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt x\u00e1c minh m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh v\u1edbi c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m kh\u00e1c nhau, v\u00e0 chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft c\u00e1c m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh kh\u1ecfi trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf. B\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c gi\u1eefa con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi c\u00e1c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt, c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9i nh\u00f3m c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh tr\u01a1n tru v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng nhu c\u1ea7u th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a doanh nghi\u1ec7p.<\/p>\n

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\"Cartoon<\/figure>\n<\/div>\n

T\u1ea1i sao H\u1ee3p t\u00e1c l\u1ea1i quan tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi DFDs \ud83e\udd1d<\/h2>\n

C\u00e1c S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 Lu\u1ed3ng D\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e2y c\u1ea7u n\u1ed1i gi\u1eefa y\u00eau c\u1ea7u kinh doanh v\u00e0 tri\u1ec3n khai k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt. N\u1ebfu c\u00e2y c\u1ea7u n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng b\u1edfi m\u1ed9t c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n duy nh\u1ea5t m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c, n\u00f3 th\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5 d\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ee9c n\u1eb7ng c\u1ee7a th\u00f4ng tin ch\u01b0a \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7. H\u1ee3p t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o r\u1eb1ng s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh \u0111\u00fang th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft.<\/p>\n

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  • Tr\u00e1nh t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng tri th\u1ee9c b\u1ecb t\u00e1ch bi\u1ec7t:<\/strong>Kh\u00f4ng ai c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u1eafm to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 b\u1ee9c tranh v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t quy tr\u00ecnh kinh doanh. H\u1ee3p t\u00e1c gi\u00fap t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p c\u00e1c m\u1ea3nh tri th\u1ee9c r\u1eddi r\u1ea1c th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t.<\/li>\n
  • Ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n s\u1edbm c\u00e1c kho\u1ea3ng tr\u1ed1ng logic:<\/strong> Khi nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f9ng xem x\u00e9t c\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111i d\u1eef li\u1ec7u, nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n b\u1ecb thi\u1ebfu ho\u1eb7c c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec3m truy c\u1eadp d\u1eef li\u1ec7u kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e9p s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi vi\u1ebft m\u00e3.<\/li>\n
  • X\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng tinh th\u1ea7n s\u1edf h\u1eefu chung:<\/strong> Khi c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean trong \u0111\u1ed9i nh\u00f3m \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p v\u00e0o s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3, h\u1ecd c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y c\u00f3 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m v\u1edbi th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3.<\/li>\n
  • Gi\u1ea3m thi\u1ec3u s\u1ef1 m\u01a1 h\u1ed3:<\/strong> Th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 gi\u00fap l\u00e0m r\u00f5 c\u00e1c thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef m\u01a1 h\u1ed3 v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd v\u1ec1 \u00fd ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n d\u1eef li\u1ec7u c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

    Thi\u1ebfu c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c n\u00e0y, m\u1ed9t DFD c\u00f3 nguy c\u01a1 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u t\u0129nh b\u1ecb b\u1ecf qu\u00ean. M\u1ee5c ti\u00eau l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng, ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u00f9ng h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 d\u1eabn d\u1eaft qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ra quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh trong su\u1ed1t d\u1ef1 \u00e1n.<\/p>\n

    X\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh Vai tr\u00f2 v\u00e0 Tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m \ud83d\udc65<\/h2>\n

    H\u1ee3p t\u00e1c hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi c\u00e1c ranh gi\u1edbi r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng. D\u00f9 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p, nh\u01b0ng c\u00e1c vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 mang tr\u1ecdng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ri\u00eang trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh t\u1ea1o DFD. Hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 ai ch\u1ecbu tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh n\u00e0o c\u1ee7a s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 s\u1ebd ng\u0103n ng\u1eeba s\u1ef1 nh\u1ea7m l\u1eabn v\u00e0 ch\u1ed3ng ch\u00e9o.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
    Vai tr\u00f2<\/th>\nTr\u1ecdng t\u00e2m ch\u00ednh trong DFD<\/th>\n\u0110\u00f3ng g\u00f3p ch\u00ednh<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n
    Nh\u00e0 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch kinh doanh<\/strong><\/td>\nLogic v\u00e0 lu\u1ed3ng quy tr\u00ecnh<\/td>\nX\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng n\u00ean l\u00e0m g\u00ec d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean nhu c\u1ea7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    Ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac s\u01b0 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng<\/strong><\/td>\nC\u1ea5u tr\u00fac d\u1eef li\u1ec7u v\u00e0 ranh gi\u1edbi<\/td>\n\u0110\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi c\u00e1c gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt v\u00e0 b\u1ea3o m\u1eadt.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    Chuy\u00ean gia l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c<\/strong><\/td>\n\u0110\u1ed9 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c<\/td>\nX\u00e1c minh r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c quy t\u1eafc kinh doanh c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n<\/strong><\/td>\nKh\u1ea3 thi v\u00e0 Tri\u1ec3n khai<\/td>\nX\u00e1c nh\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c lu\u1ed3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t l\u00e0 kh\u1ea3 thi v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    C\u00e1c b\u00ean li\u00ean quan<\/strong><\/td>\nX\u00e1c nh\u1eadn v\u00e0 Ph\u00ea duy\u1ec7t<\/td>\nX\u00e1c nh\u1eadn s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi k\u1ef3 v\u1ecdng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

    M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 c\u00e1c vai tr\u00f2 n\u00e0y l\u00e0 ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t, nh\u01b0ng ranh gi\u1edbi th\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ecb m\u1edd nh\u1ea1t trong m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng linh ho\u1ea1t. \u0110i\u1ec1u quan tr\u1ecdng l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o r\u1eb1ng v\u1edbi m\u1ed7i h\u1ed9p quy tr\u00ecnh trong s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3, ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t b\u00ean ch\u1ecbu tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 x\u00e1c nh\u1eadn t\u00ednh h\u1ee3p l\u00fd c\u1ee7a n\u00f3.<\/p>\n

    Chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi ph\u00e1c th\u1ea3o \ud83d\udcdd<\/h2>\n

    B\u1ecf qua b\u01b0\u1edbc chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb v\u00e0 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u ngay v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c v\u1ebd h\u00ecnh d\u1ea1ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t sai l\u1ea7m ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi v\u1ebd b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00e0o, \u0111\u1ed9i ng\u0169 ph\u1ea3i thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng chung. Giai \u0111o\u1ea1n chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb n\u00e0y s\u1ebd \u0111\u1eb7t n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng cho to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a.<\/p>\n

    1. X\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng t\u1eeb \u0111i\u1ec3n<\/h3>\n

    C\u00e1c thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef thay \u0111\u1ed5i r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c ph\u00f2ng ban. \u0110i\u1ec1u m\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 ‘Kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng’, ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 ‘Kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng ti\u1ec1m n\u0103ng’ ho\u1eb7c ‘Ch\u1ee7 t\u00e0i kho\u1ea3n’. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi t\u1ea1o c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 ho\u1eb7c t\u00e1c nh\u00e2n b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i trong s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3, c\u1ea7n th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t v\u1ec1 thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o c\u00e1c nh\u00e3n tr\u00ean s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 kh\u00f4ng g\u00e2y hi\u1ec3u l\u1ea7m.<\/p>\n

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    • X\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 d\u1eef li\u1ec7u c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 (v\u00ed d\u1ee5: ‘M\u00e3 \u0111\u01a1n h\u00e0ng’ so v\u1edbi ‘Tham chi\u1ebfu giao d\u1ecbch’).<\/li>\n
    • L\u00e0m r\u00f5 \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i (v\u00ed d\u1ee5: \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec c\u1ea5u th\u00e0nh ‘\u0110ang ch\u1edd’ so v\u1edbi ‘\u0110\u00e3 ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh’).<\/li>\n
    • Ghi ch\u00e9p c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a n\u00e0y v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t kho l\u01b0u tr\u1eef trung t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ec3 tham kh\u1ea3o.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

      2. X\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh ranh gi\u1edbi ph\u1ea1m vi<\/h3>\n

      S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u (DFD) ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec3m b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0 k\u1ebft th\u00fac r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng. X\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb \u0111\u00e2u v\u00e0 n\u01a1i n\u00f3 chuy\u1ec3n d\u1eef li\u1ec7u cho c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i. Th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 ranh gi\u1edbi n\u00e0y gi\u00fap ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng ph\u1ea1m vi trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf.<\/p>\n

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      • X\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c v\u1edbi h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng.<\/li>\n
      • Quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh quy tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0o n\u1eb1m trong ranh gi\u1edbi h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng.<\/li>\n
      • Th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t c\u00e1c quy tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0o n\u1eb1m ngo\u00e0i ph\u1ea1m vi c\u1ee7a l\u1ea7n l\u1eb7p hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

        3. Ch\u1ecdn m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 chi ti\u1ebft<\/h3>\n

        Kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 n\u00e0o c\u0169ng c\u1ea7n hi\u1ec3n th\u1ecb m\u1ecdi \u0111i\u1ec3m d\u1eef li\u1ec7u. \u0110\u1ed9i ng\u0169 ph\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh xem h\u1ecd \u0111ang t\u1ea1o s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 B\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh, M\u1ee9c 0 hay s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 chi ti\u1ebft M\u1ee9c 2. Quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh n\u00e0y \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1eddi gian c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft cho s\u1ef1 h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c.<\/p>\n

          \n
        • S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 B\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh:<\/strong>G\u00f3c nh\u00ecn c\u1ea5p cao d\u00e0nh cho c\u00e1c b\u00ean li\u00ean quan. T\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7u ra.<\/li>\n
        • M\u1ee9c 0:<\/strong>Chia nh\u1ecf quy tr\u00ecnh ch\u00ednh th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c quy tr\u00ecnh con ch\u00ednh. Ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac.<\/li>\n
        • M\u1ee9c 1\/2:<\/strong>Ph\u00e2n t\u00edch chi ti\u1ebft d\u00e0nh cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n. T\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o c\u00e1c ph\u00e9p bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i d\u1eef li\u1ec7u c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

          Quy tr\u00ecnh ph\u00e1c th\u1ea3o l\u1eb7p l\u1ea1i \ud83d\udee0\ufe0f<\/h2>\n

          Vi\u1ec7c t\u1ea1o s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u hi\u1ebfm khi l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u00e0nh tr\u00ecnh tuy\u1ebfn t\u00ednh. N\u00f3 bao g\u1ed3m vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e1c th\u1ea3o, xem x\u00e9t, s\u1eeda l\u1ed7i v\u00e0 tinh ch\u1ec9nh. C\u00e1ch ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn l\u1eb7p l\u1ea1i n\u00e0y \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi s\u1ef1 ki\u00ean nh\u1eabn v\u00e0 c\u00e1c k\u00eanh giao ti\u1ebfp c\u1edfi m\u1edf.<\/p>\n

          1. Giai \u0111o\u1ea1n ph\u00e1c th\u1ea3o th\u00f4<\/h3>\n

          B\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u b\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng b\u1ea3n ph\u00e1c th\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ed9 chi ti\u1ebft th\u1ea5p. S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng b\u1ea3ng tr\u1eafng ho\u1eb7c c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt s\u1ed1 \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ec3 ghi l\u1ea1i \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng nhanh ch\u00f3ng. M\u1ee5c ti\u00eau \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i s\u1ef1 ho\u00e0n h\u1ea3o. Khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch t\u01b0 duy m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ec3 ghi l\u1ea1i m\u1ecdi \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng.<\/p>\n

            \n
          • T\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o lu\u1ed3ng th\u00f4ng tin thay v\u00ec b\u1ed1 c\u1ee5c th\u1ea9m m\u1ef9.<\/li>\n
          • \u0110\u1eebng lo l\u1eafng v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c c\u0103n ch\u1ec9nh ho\u00e0n h\u1ea3o c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c kho d\u1eef li\u1ec7u ngay l\u00fac n\u00e0y.<\/li>\n
          • M\u1eddi c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ch\u1ec9 ra c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec3m ngh\u1ebdn ti\u1ec1m \u1ea9n ngay l\u1eadp t\u1ee9c.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

            2. Th\u00eam c\u00e1c kho d\u1eef li\u1ec7u<\/h3>\n

            Khi c\u00e1c quy tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh, h\u00e3y x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh n\u01a1i d\u1eef li\u1ec7u c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u01b0u tr\u1eef. B\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y th\u01b0\u1eddng ti\u1ebft l\u1ed9 nh\u1eefng kho\u1ea3ng tr\u1ed1ng trong logic. N\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t quy tr\u00ecnh t\u1ea1o ra d\u1eef li\u1ec7u nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u01b0u tr\u1eef hay s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng, th\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 g\u00e1nh n\u1eb7ng v\u00f4 \u00edch.<\/p>\n

              \n
            • \u0110\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o m\u1ed7i kho d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i v\u1edbi \u00edt nh\u1ea5t m\u1ed9t quy tr\u00ecnh.<\/li>\n
            • X\u00e1c minh r\u1eb1ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u ch\u1ea3y v\u00e0o v\u00e0 ra kh\u1ecfi c\u00e1c kho d\u1eef li\u1ec7u m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c.<\/li>\n
            • Ki\u1ec3m tra c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec3m truy c\u1eadp kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e9p n\u01a1i d\u1eef li\u1ec7u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ecb r\u00f2 r\u1ec9.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

              3. C\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3<\/h3>\n

              Khi b\u1ea1n \u0111i s\u00e2u t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t quy tr\u00ecnh c\u1ea5p cao xu\u1ed1ng s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 con chi ti\u1ebft, c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7u ra ph\u1ea3i kh\u1edbp nhau. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng. N\u1ebfu s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 c\u1ea5p cao hi\u1ec3n th\u1ecb \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o l\u00e0 \u201c\u0110\u01a1n h\u00e0ng\u201d, s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 chi ti\u1ebft kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3n th\u1ecb \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o l\u00e0 \u201cThanh to\u00e1n\u201d m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch \u0111\u01a1n h\u00e0ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111i \u0111\u00e2u.<\/p>\n

                \n
              • So s\u00e1nh c\u00e1c m\u0169i t\u00ean \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o c\u1ee7a quy tr\u00ecnh cha v\u1edbi quy tr\u00ecnh con.<\/li>\n
              • So s\u00e1nh c\u00e1c m\u0169i t\u00ean \u0111\u1ea7u ra c\u1ee7a quy tr\u00ecnh cha v\u1edbi quy tr\u00ecnh con.<\/li>\n
              • M\u1ecdi s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi chuy\u1ec3n sang c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 ti\u1ebfp theo.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                C\u00e1c k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt x\u00e1c minh v\u00e0 xem x\u00e9t \ud83d\udd0d<\/h2>\n

                Khi b\u1ea3n nh\u00e1p ho\u00e0n t\u1ea5t, n\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c minh. \u0110\u00e2y kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u01b0\u1edbc th\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ed9ng; n\u00f3 \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi s\u1ef1 tham gia t\u00edch c\u1ef1c t\u1eeb c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ed9i.<\/p>\n

                1. C\u00e1c bu\u1ed5i \u0111i qua c\u00f9ng c\u00e1c b\u00ean li\u00ean quan<\/h3>\n

                L\u00ean l\u1ecbch m\u1ed9t bu\u1ed5i ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111i qua s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 t\u1eebng b\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1ed9t. Y\u00eau c\u1ea7u c\u00e1c b\u00ean li\u00ean quan theo d\u00f5i m\u1ed9t giao d\u1ecbch c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ebfn cu\u1ed1i b\u1eb1ng s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3.<\/p>\n

                  \n
                • H\u1ecfi: \u201c\u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u00f3 kh\u1edbp v\u1edbi c\u00e1ch b\u1ea1n th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 x\u1eed l\u00fd c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng?\u201d<\/li>\n
                • H\u1ecfi: \u201cD\u1eef li\u1ec7u n\u00e0y s\u1ebd \u0111i \u0111\u00e2u trong m\u1ed9t t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf?\u201d<\/li>\n
                • L\u1eafng nghe s\u1ef1 do d\u1ef1 ho\u1eb7c nh\u1ea7m l\u1eabn; \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a logic b\u1ecb thi\u1ebfu.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                  2. Ki\u1ec3m tra t\u00ednh kh\u1ea3 thi k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt<\/h3>\n

                  C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ph\u1ea3i xem x\u00e9t s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o c\u00e1c lu\u1ed3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t l\u00e0 h\u1ee3p l\u00fd. H\u1ecd c\u1ea7n t\u00ecm c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i d\u1eef li\u1ec7u kh\u00f4ng kh\u1edbp ho\u1eb7c c\u00e1c quy tr\u00ecnh y\u00eau c\u1ea7u t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean hi\u1ec7n ch\u01b0a c\u00f3 s\u1eb5n.<\/p>\n

                    \n
                  • X\u00e1c minh r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh d\u1ea1ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u t\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u00edch gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c quy tr\u00ecnh.<\/li>\n
                  • X\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1c quy tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0o y\u00eau c\u1ea7u truy c\u1eadp th\u1eddi gian th\u1ef1c v\u00e0o c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng c\u0169.<\/li>\n
                  • Ghi ch\u00fa b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 h\u1ec7 l\u1ee5y an ninh n\u00e0o trong c\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1eabn d\u1eef li\u1ec7u.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                    3. Ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed \u201cH\u1ed9p \u0111en\u201d<\/h3>\n

                    Tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng quen thu\u1ed9c v\u1edbi d\u1ef1 \u00e1n. N\u1ebfu h\u1ecd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch, s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u00e0 r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng. N\u1ebfu h\u1ecd b\u1ecb l\u1ea1c, th\u00ec s\u1ef1 h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n.<\/p>\n

                    Nh\u1eefng sai l\u1ea7m ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn trong h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c \ud83d\udea7<\/h2>\n

                    Ngay c\u1ea3 v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng \u00fd \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t, c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9i th\u01b0\u1eddng r\u01a1i v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng c\u00e1i b\u1eaby l\u00e0m gi\u1ea3m ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 DFD. Nh\u1eadn di\u1ec7n nh\u1eefng sai l\u1ea7m n\u00e0y s\u1edbm gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ed9i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00fang.<\/p>\n

                    1. V\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 ‘Ch\u00faa C\u1ee9u Th\u1ebf’<\/h3>\n

                    M\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng t\u1ef1 m\u00ecnh s\u1eeda ch\u1eefa m\u1ecdi th\u1ee9. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh thi\u00ean ki\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi thay v\u00ec s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt t\u1eadp th\u1ec3. Tr\u00e1nh \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch lu\u00e2n phi\u00ean ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u1eabn d\u1eaft c\u00e1c bu\u1ed5i h\u1ecdp \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1.<\/p>\n

                    2. L\u00e0m ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p h\u00f3a m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh qu\u00e1 m\u1ee9c<\/h3>\n

                    C\u00f3 xu h\u01b0\u1edbng th\u00eam m\u1ecdi bi\u1ebfn th\u1ec3 d\u1eef li\u1ec7u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 v\u00e0o s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y t\u1ea1o ra ti\u1ebfng \u1ed3n. H\u1ee3p t\u00e1c n\u00ean t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng chu\u1ea9n, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i m\u1ecdi t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t, tr\u1eeb khi nh\u1eefng t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 then ch\u1ed1t \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi logic kinh doanh.<\/p>\n

                    3. B\u1ecf qua c\u00e1c lu\u1ed3ng ti\u00eau c\u1ef1c<\/h3>\n

                    C\u00e1c nh\u00f3m th\u01b0\u1eddng v\u1ebd s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ‘\u0110\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111i H\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac’ (n\u01a1i m\u1ecdi th\u1ee9 di\u1ec5n ra su\u00f4n s\u1ebb). M\u1ed9t s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 DFD v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc ph\u1ea3i th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec x\u1ea3y ra khi m\u1ecdi th\u1ee9 \u0111i sai, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 thanh to\u00e1n b\u1ecb t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i ho\u1eb7c x\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n

                      \n
                    • Bao g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c quy tr\u00ecnh x\u1eed l\u00fd l\u1ed7i.<\/li>\n
                    • X\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u cho c\u00e1c m\u1ee5c b\u1ecb t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i.<\/li>\n
                    • \u0110\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o d\u1eef li\u1ec7u kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb m\u1ea5t trong c\u00e1c tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i l\u1ed7i.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                      4. Kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch giao ti\u1ebfp<\/h3>\n

                      Gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u1eb1ng m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec1u hi\u1ec3u c\u00e1c k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng l\u00e0 nguy hi\u1ec3m. Chu\u1ea9n h\u00f3a k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u (nh\u01b0 Yourdon & Cressman ho\u1eb7c Gane & Sarson) v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec1u quen thu\u1ed9c v\u1edbi c\u00e1c quy \u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 \u0111ang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng.<\/p>\n

                      Chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft xung \u0111\u1ed9t \u2696\ufe0f<\/h2>\n

                      S\u1ebd lu\u00f4n c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed3ng. M\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 mu\u1ed1n l\u01b0u tr\u1eef d\u1eef li\u1ec7u c\u1ee5c b\u1ed9, trong khi nh\u00f3m kh\u00e1c ki\u00ean quy\u1ebft y\u00eau c\u1ea7u c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u trung t\u00e2m. D\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch x\u1eed l\u00fd nh\u1eefng m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn n\u00e0y m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng.<\/p>\n

                        \n
                      • Quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean d\u1eef li\u1ec7u:<\/strong>D\u1ef1a l\u1eadp lu\u1eadn v\u00e0o y\u00eau c\u1ea7u d\u1eef li\u1ec7u, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i s\u1edf th\u00edch c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n. N\u1ebfu d\u1eef li\u1ec7u c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c truy c\u1eadp b\u1edfi ba \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng kh\u00e1c nhau, th\u00ec c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng c\u1ea7n m\u1ed9t kho d\u1eef li\u1ec7u trung t\u00e2m.<\/li>\n
                      • Ph\u00e2n t\u00edch \u0111\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ed5i:<\/strong>Li\u1ec7t k\u00ea \u01b0u v\u00e0 nh\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a m\u1ed7i ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p. Ghi ch\u00e9p l\u00fd do ra quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 xem x\u00e9t l\u1ea1i sau n\u00e0y.<\/li>\n
                      • Quy tr\u00ecnh tham v\u1ea5n c\u1ea5p cao:<\/strong>N\u1ebfu nh\u00f3m kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t, c\u1ea7n c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1eabn r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ec3 tham v\u1ea5n ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac s\u01b0 c\u1ea5p cao ho\u1eb7c ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1edf h\u1eefu s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0a ra quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng.<\/li>\n
                      • Th\u1ecfa hi\u1ec7p v\u1ec1 ph\u1ea1m vi:<\/strong>\u0110\u00f4i khi, gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p l\u00e0 tri\u1ec3n khai m\u1ed9t con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ngay b\u00e2y gi\u1edd v\u00e0 con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng kia sau n\u00e0y. Ghi ch\u00e9p \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t phi\u00ean b\u1ea3n t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                        Duy tr\u00ec s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 theo th\u1eddi gian \ud83d\udd04<\/h2>\n

                        M\u1ed9t s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 DFD l\u00e0 t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u s\u1ed1ng. Khi h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng thay \u0111\u1ed5i, s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ph\u1ea3i thay \u0111\u1ed5i theo. H\u1ee3p t\u00e1c kh\u00f4ng k\u1ebft th\u00fac \u1edf giai \u0111o\u1ea1n thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf; n\u00f3 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c trong su\u1ed1t giai \u0111o\u1ea1n b\u1ea3o tr\u00ec.<\/p>\n

                        1. Ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t phi\u00ean b\u1ea3n cho h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh<\/h3>\n

                        Gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 m\u00e3 ngu\u1ed3n, s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd phi\u00ean b\u1ea3n. Khi c\u00f3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i, nh\u00f3m c\u1ea7n ghi ch\u00e9p l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng g\u00ec \u0111\u00e3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i, ai thay \u0111\u1ed5i v\u00e0 l\u00fd do v\u00ec sao. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y gi\u00fap tr\u00e1nh nh\u1ea7m l\u1eabn khi xem l\u1ea1i c\u00e1c phi\u00ean b\u1ea3n c\u0169.<\/p>\n

                        2. Qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd thay \u0111\u1ed5i<\/h3>\n

                        Khi quy tr\u00ecnh kinh doanh thay \u0111\u1ed5i, s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 DFD ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1eadp nh\u1eadt ngay l\u1eadp t\u1ee9c. Vi\u1ec7c tin t\u01b0\u1edfng s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u00e0 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 x\u1ea3y ra n\u1ebfu nh\u00f3m coi vi\u1ec7c c\u1eadp nh\u1eadt l\u00e0 b\u01b0\u1edbc b\u1eaft bu\u1ed9c, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i t\u00f9y ch\u1ecdn.<\/p>\n

                          \n
                        • Th\u00f4ng b\u00e1o cho t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c b\u00ean li\u00ean quan v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c c\u1eadp nh\u1eadt s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3.<\/li>\n
                        • X\u00e1c minh l\u1ea1i c\u00e1c ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean nh\u00f3m li\u00ean quan.<\/li>\n
                        • L\u01b0u tr\u1eef c\u00e1c phi\u00ean b\u1ea3n c\u0169 \u0111\u1ec3 tham kh\u1ea3o l\u1ecbch s\u1eed.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                          3. \u0110\u00e0o t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean m\u1edbi<\/h3>\n

                          Khi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1edbi gia nh\u1eadp \u0111\u1ed9i nh\u00f3m, s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u (DFD) \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 l\u00e0 t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o ch\u00ednh. M\u1ed9t s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c t\u1ed1t s\u1ebd gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u so v\u1edbi h\u00e0ng gi\u1edd tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y b\u1eb1ng l\u1eddi n\u00f3i.<\/p>\n

                            \n
                          • S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng DFD nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t danh s\u00e1ch ki\u1ec3m tra cho qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u01b0a th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean m\u1edbi l\u00e0m quen.<\/li>\n
                          • Y\u00eau c\u1ea7u c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean m\u1edbi gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch l\u1ea1i s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 cho b\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ec3 ki\u1ec3m tra m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft.<\/li>\n
                          • Khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch h\u1ecd \u0111\u1eb7t c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c lu\u1ed3ng m\u00e0 h\u1ecd th\u1ea5y kh\u00f3 hi\u1ec3u.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                            K\u00eanh truy\u1ec1n th\u00f4ng cho c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c DFD \ud83d\udcac<\/h2>\n

                            Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u quan tr\u1ecdng. C\u00e1c giai \u0111o\u1ea1n kh\u00e1c nhau trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh t\u1ea1o DFD \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 truy\u1ec1n th\u00f4ng kh\u00e1c nhau.<\/p>\n

                              \n
                            • C\u00e1c bu\u1ed5i h\u1ecdp tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp:<\/strong>T\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t cho vi\u1ec7c th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng ban \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0 \u0111i qua c\u00e1c logic ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p.<\/li>\n
                            • Nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1ed9:<\/strong>Ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p cho c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 chi ti\u1ebft khi m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ea7n th\u1eddi gian suy ngh\u0129.<\/li>\n
                            • Kho t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u:<\/strong>N\u01a1i l\u01b0u tr\u1eef c\u00e1c phi\u00ean b\u1ea3n cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00ea duy\u1ec7t.<\/li>\n
                            • Ghi ch\u00fa cu\u1ed9c h\u1ecdp:<\/strong>C\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 ghi l\u1ea1i c\u00e1c quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a ra trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh xem x\u00e9t s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                              S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng k\u00eanh ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p cho t\u1eebng giai \u0111o\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o th\u00f4ng tin \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi nh\u1eadn ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3.<\/p>\n

                              K\u1ebft lu\u1eadn \ud83c\udfc1<\/h2>\n

                              X\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t m\u00f4n th\u1ec3 thao \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ed9i. N\u00f3 \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi s\u1ef1 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac s\u01b0, t\u00ednh th\u1ef1c ti\u1ec5n c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u00e0 t\u1ea7m nh\u00ecn c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng kinh doanh. B\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch x\u00e1c l\u1eadp vai tr\u00f2 r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng, chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb k\u1ef9 l\u01b0\u1ee1ng v\u00e0 duy tr\u00ec c\u00e1c k\u00eanh truy\u1ec1n th\u00f4ng c\u1edfi m\u1edf, c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9i nh\u00f3m c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra nh\u1eefng s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c, h\u1eefu \u00edch v\u00e0 b\u1ec1n v\u1eefng.<\/p>\n

                              T\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o lu\u1ed3ng gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 th\u00f4ng tin. Khi \u0111\u1ed9i nh\u00f3m c\u00f9ng nhau x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh lu\u1ed3ng n\u00e0y, h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o ra s\u1ebd c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng h\u01a1n. H\u00e3y coi s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u1ebfn cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng, m\u00e0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng cho h\u00e0nh tr\u00ecnh ph\u00eda tr\u01b0\u1edbc.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

                              Thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n ch\u1ec9 k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt; n\u00f3 \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi s\u1ef1 n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ed9i. Khi x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":1795,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_title":"H\u1ee3p t\u00e1c tr\u00ean s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u: M\u1eb9o l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c nh\u00f3m \ud83d\udd04","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"H\u1ecdc c\u00e1ch h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 tr\u00ean s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u. N\u00e2ng cao thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng, giao ti\u1ebfp v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c nh\u00f3m \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ee9ng minh.","fifu_image_url":"","fifu_image_alt":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[96],"tags":[89,95],"class_list":["post-1794","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-dfd","tag-academic","tag-dfd"],"yoast_head":"\nH\u1ee3p t\u00e1c tr\u00ean s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u: M\u1eb9o l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c nh\u00f3m \ud83d\udd04<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"H\u1ecdc c\u00e1ch h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 tr\u00ean s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u. 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