{"id":1780,"date":"2026-03-30T23:05:07","date_gmt":"2026-03-30T23:05:07","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.viz-note.com\/vi\/data-flow-diagram-basics-symbols-notations\/"},"modified":"2026-03-30T23:05:07","modified_gmt":"2026-03-30T23:05:07","slug":"data-flow-diagram-basics-symbols-notations","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.viz-note.com\/vi\/data-flow-diagram-basics-symbols-notations\/","title":{"rendered":"C\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n v\u1ec1 s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u: C\u00e1c k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u v\u00e0 c\u00e1ch k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u"},"content":{"rendered":"

S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u (DFD) \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 l\u00e0 c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng trong ph\u00e2n t\u00edch v\u00e0 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng. N\u00f3 cung c\u1ea5p m\u1ed9t bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n tr\u1ef1c quan v\u1ec1 c\u00e1ch th\u00f4ng tin di chuy\u1ec3n qua m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng. Kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 d\u00f2ng ch\u1ea3y, t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o lu\u1ed3ng \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n v\u00e0 logic, DFD nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh v\u00e0o qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i d\u1eef li\u1ec7u. H\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn n\u00e0y chi ti\u1ebft c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n c\u1ed1t l\u00f5i, phong c\u00e1ch k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u v\u00e0 c\u00e1c quy t\u1eafc c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng c\u00e1c s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c.<\/p>\n

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\"Cartoon<\/figure>\n<\/div>\n

Hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch c\u1ee7a s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \ud83c\udfaf<\/h2>\n

Tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi ch\u1ecdn k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u hay v\u1ebd c\u00e1c lu\u1ed3ng, \u0111i\u1ec1u quan tr\u1ecdng l\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau c\u1ee7a s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3. M\u1ed9t DFD tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 di chuy\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a d\u1eef li\u1ec7u:<\/p>\n

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  • D\u1eef li\u1ec7u b\u1eaft ngu\u1ed3n t\u1eeb \u0111\u00e2u?<\/li>\n
  • D\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o?<\/li>\n
  • D\u1eef li\u1ec7u k\u1ebft th\u00fac \u1edf \u0111\u00e2u?<\/li>\n
  • D\u1eef li\u1ec7u n\u00e0o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u01b0u tr\u1eef \u0111\u1ec3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai?<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

    Nh\u1eefng s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 n\u00e0y \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e2y c\u1ea7u n\u1ed1i gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt v\u00e0 nhu c\u1ea7u kinh doanh. Ch\u00fang cho ph\u00e9p c\u00e1c b\u00ean li\u00ean quan x\u00e1c minh r\u1eb1ng h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng s\u1ebd x\u1eed l\u00fd th\u00f4ng tin \u0111\u00fang c\u00e1ch m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 m\u00e3 ngu\u1ed3n b\u00ean d\u01b0\u1edbi. B\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch tr\u1ef1c quan h\u00f3a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t chu\u1ed7i c\u00e1c qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh v\u00e0 lu\u1ed3ng, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n s\u1edbm c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec3m ngh\u1ebdn, d\u1eef li\u1ec7u b\u1ecb thi\u1ebfu ho\u1eb7c c\u00e1c b\u01b0\u1edbc tr\u00f9ng l\u1eb7p trong v\u00f2ng \u0111\u1eddi ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n.<\/p>\n

    B\u1ed1n th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n c\u1ed1t l\u00f5i c\u1ee7a DFD \ud83e\udde9<\/h2>\n

    M\u1ecdi s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ec1u d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean b\u1ed1n th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t. Nh\u1eefng k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u n\u00e0y x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u00e0nh vi v\u00e0 m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 b\u00ean trong h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng. Vi\u1ec7c n\u1eafm v\u1eefng c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 lu\u00f4n nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n v\u00e0 d\u1ec5 hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean trong nh\u00f3m.<\/p>\n

    1. Quy tr\u00ecnh (Bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i) \u2699\ufe0f<\/h3>\n

    M\u1ed9t quy tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho m\u1ed9t h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng ho\u1eb7c ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng l\u00e0m thay \u0111\u1ed5i d\u1eef li\u1ec7u. N\u00f3 nh\u1eadn d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o, th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n t\u00ednh to\u00e1n ho\u1eb7c bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i, v\u00e0 t\u1ea1o ra d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ea7u ra. Trong DFD, c\u00e1c quy tr\u00ecnh kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u00e3 th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf m\u00e0 l\u00e0 ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng logic \u0111ang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n.<\/p>\n

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    • Ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng:<\/strong>Chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ea7u ra.<\/li>\n
    • Nh\u1eadn di\u1ec7n:<\/strong>M\u1ed7i quy tr\u00ecnh ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 t\u00ean v\u00e0 s\u1ed1 duy nh\u1ea5t.<\/li>\n
    • \u0110\u1ed9ng t\u1eeb – Danh t\u1eeb:<\/strong>T\u00ean th\u01b0\u1eddng tu\u00e2n theo c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1eeb – danh t\u1eeb (v\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0T\u00ednh thu\u1ebf<\/em>, X\u00e1c th\u1ef1c ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng<\/em>).<\/li>\n
    • Ph\u00e2n r\u00e3:<\/strong>C\u00e1c quy tr\u00ecnh ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chia nh\u1ecf th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c quy tr\u00ecnh con trong c\u00e1c s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 c\u1ea5p th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

      2. Kho d\u1eef li\u1ec7u (Kho ch\u1ee9a) \ud83d\udcc2<\/h3>\n

      M\u1ed9t kho d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho n\u01a1i d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u01b0u tr\u1eef khi kh\u00f4ng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng. N\u00f3 l\u01b0u tr\u1eef th\u00f4ng tin kh\u00f4ng \u0111ang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u1eed l\u00fd nh\u01b0ng s\u1ebd c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ebfn sau n\u00e0y. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3ng c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u, m\u1ed9t t\u1ec7p tin ho\u1eb7c m\u1ed9t t\u1ee7 h\u1ed3 s\u01a1 v\u1eadt l\u00fd.<\/p>\n

        \n
      • B\u1ec1n v\u1eefng:<\/strong>D\u1eef li\u1ec7u v\u1eabn t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i trong kho gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c phi\u00ean h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng.<\/li>\n
      • Truy c\u1eadp:<\/strong> C\u00e1c qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ecdc t\u1eeb ho\u1eb7c ghi v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t kho l\u01b0u tr\u1eef.<\/li>\n
      • H\u01b0\u1edbng:<\/strong> C\u00e1c kho d\u1eef li\u1ec7u kh\u00f4ng t\u1ea1o ra d\u1eef li\u1ec7u; ch\u00fang ch\u1ec9 l\u01b0u tr\u1eef d\u1eef li\u1ec7u.<\/li>\n
      • \u0110\u1eb7t t\u00ean:<\/strong>T\u00ean n\u00ean l\u00e0 danh t\u1eeb s\u1ed1 nhi\u1ec1u (v\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 \u0110\u01a1n h\u00e0ng<\/em>, Kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng<\/em>).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

        3. Entiti b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i (Ngu\u1ed3n\/\u0110\u00edch) \ud83c\udf10<\/h3>\n

        M\u1ed9t entiti b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n, t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c ho\u1eb7c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng n\u1eb1m ngo\u00e0i bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i. N\u00f3 \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 l\u00e0 ngu\u1ed3n d\u1eef li\u1ec7u (\u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o) ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u00edch \u0111\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a d\u1eef li\u1ec7u (\u0111\u1ea7u ra).<\/p>\n

          \n
        • Bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi:<\/strong>B\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 th\u1ee9 g\u00ec n\u1eb1m ngo\u00e0i ph\u1ea1m vi c\u1ee7a s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t entiti b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i.<\/li>\n
        • Vai tr\u00f2:<\/strong> C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng, m\u1ed9t API b\u00ean th\u1ee9 ba, m\u1ed9t c\u01a1 quan ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 ho\u1eb7c m\u1ed9t thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee9ng.<\/li>\n
        • T\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c:<\/strong> D\u1eef li\u1ec7u ch\u1ea3y gi\u1eefa h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 entiti.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

          4. D\u00f2ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u (Chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng) \u27a1\ufe0f<\/h3>\n

          D\u00f2ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n s\u1ef1 di chuy\u1ec3n th\u00f4ng tin gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i gi\u00fap li\u00ean k\u1ebft c\u00e1c s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi nhau. C\u00e1c m\u0169i t\u00ean ch\u1ec9 h\u01b0\u1edbng di chuy\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a d\u1eef li\u1ec7u.<\/p>\n

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          • Ghi nh\u00e3n:<\/strong> M\u1ed7i m\u0169i t\u00ean ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi nh\u00e3n b\u1eb1ng t\u00ean g\u00f3i d\u1eef li\u1ec7u.<\/li>\n
          • T\u00ednh nguy\u00ean t\u1eed:<\/strong> M\u1ed9t d\u00f2ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u duy nh\u1ea5t ch\u1ec9 n\u00ean mang theo m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n th\u00f4ng tin logic.<\/li>\n
          • H\u01b0\u1edbng:<\/strong> D\u00f2ng ch\u1ea3y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t chi\u1ec1u trong s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 DFD ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n.<\/li>\n
          • L\u00f4gic:<\/strong> D\u1eef li\u1ec7u ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ea3y qua m\u1ed9t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh; n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ch\u1ea3y tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c kho d\u1eef li\u1ec7u.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

            C\u00e1c c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 d\u00f2ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \ud83d\udcc9<\/h2>\n

            S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 d\u00f2ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u l\u00e0 ph\u00e2n c\u1ea5p. M\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng duy nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p \u0111\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3n th\u1ecb trong m\u1ed9t g\u00f3c nh\u00ecn. Do \u0111\u00f3, c\u00e1c s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chia nh\u1ecf th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 chi ti\u1ebft. C\u00e1ch ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn n\u00e0y gi\u00fap c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p trong khi v\u1eabn duy tr\u00ec t\u00ednh to\u00e0n v\u1eb9n c\u1ee7a to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng.<\/p>\n

            M\u1ee9c 0: S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh \ud83c\udf0d<\/h3>\n

            S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ng\u1eef c\u1ea3nh cung c\u1ea5p c\u00e1i nh\u00ecn c\u1ea5p cao nh\u1ea5t v\u1ec1 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng. N\u00f3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh ranh gi\u1edbi h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 cho th\u1ea5y c\u00e1ch h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c v\u1edbi c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i.<\/p>\n

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            • Quy tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u01a1n l\u1ebb:<\/strong>To\u00e0n b\u1ed9 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t quy tr\u00ecnh duy nh\u1ea5t.<\/li>\n
            • \u0110\u1ea7u v\u00e0o\/\u0110\u1ea7u ra:<\/strong>Hi\u1ec3n th\u1ecb d\u1eef li\u1ec7u ch\u00ednh y\u1ebfu \u0111i v\u00e0o v\u00e0 r\u1eddi kh\u1ecfi h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng.<\/li>\n
            • Ph\u1ea1m vi:<\/strong>X\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1c ranh gi\u1edbi cho d\u1ef1 \u00e1n.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

              C\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 1: C\u00e1c quy tr\u00ecnh ch\u00ednh \ud83d\udd0d<\/h3>\n

              C\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 1 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch quy tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u01a1n l\u1ebb t\u1eeb s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ng\u1eef c\u1ea3nh th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c ti\u1ec3u quy tr\u00ecnh ch\u00ednh. N\u00f3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng ch\u00ednh t\u1ea1o n\u00ean h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng.<\/p>\n

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              • M\u1edf r\u1ed9ng:<\/strong>Quy tr\u00ecnh ch\u00ednh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chia th\u00e0nh 3 \u0111\u1ebfn 7 quy tr\u00ecnh ch\u00ednh.<\/li>\n
              • Gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u c\u00e1c Kho l\u01b0u tr\u1eef:<\/strong>C\u00e1c kho l\u01b0u tr\u1eef d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n n\u01a1i th\u00f4ng tin \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u01b0u tr\u1eef.<\/li>\n
              • M\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 chi ti\u1ebft:<\/strong>\u0110\u1ee7 chi ti\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u logic ch\u00ednh m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb sa \u0111\u00e0 v\u00e0o qu\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u chi ti\u1ebft.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                C\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 2: C\u00e1c quy tr\u00ecnh chi ti\u1ebft \ud83d\udee0\ufe0f<\/h3>\n

                C\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 2 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch s\u00e2u h\u01a1n c\u00e1c quy tr\u00ecnh c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 t\u1eeb c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 1. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng cho c\u00e1c khu v\u1ef1c ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a logic ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c.<\/p>\n

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                • \u0110\u1ed9 chi ti\u1ebft:<\/strong>T\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o c\u00e1c lu\u1ed3ng c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c ho\u1eb7c m\u00f4-\u0111un c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3.<\/li>\n
                • X\u00e1c minh:<\/strong>\u0110\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o r\u1eb1ng t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng v\u1edbi quy tr\u00ecnh cha.<\/li>\n
                • Tri\u1ec3n khai:<\/strong>Th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t tham chi\u1ebfu tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp cho c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                  Phong c\u00e1ch k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u: H\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn so s\u00e1nh \ud83d\udd04<\/h2>\n

                  C\u00f3 hai phong c\u00e1ch k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u ch\u00ednh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng cho DFD. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 ch\u00fang truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea1t c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t th\u00f4ng tin logic, nh\u01b0ng c\u00e1ch bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u kh\u00e1c nhau. Hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t n\u00e0y l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft khi l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c c\u00f9ng c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m c\u00f3 quy \u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
                  Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n<\/th>\nGane & Sarson<\/th>\nYourdon & DeMarco<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n
                  Quy tr\u00ecnh<\/td>\nH\u00ecnh ch\u1eef nh\u1eadt tr\u00f2n<\/td>\nH\u00ecnh tr\u00f2n ho\u1eb7c h\u00ecnh ch\u1eef nh\u1eadt bo tr\u00f2n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                  Kho d\u1eef li\u1ec7u<\/td>\nH\u00ecnh ch\u1eef nh\u1eadt h\u1edf (2 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng song song)<\/td>\nH\u00ecnh ch\u1eef nh\u1eadt c\u00f3 c\u1ea1nh ph\u1ea3i h\u1edf<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                  Th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i<\/td>\nH\u00ecnh ch\u1eef nh\u1eadt<\/td>\nH\u00ecnh ch\u1eef nh\u1eadt<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                  D\u00f2ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u<\/td>\nM\u0169i t\u00ean<\/td>\nM\u0169i t\u00ean<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                  B\u1ed9 n\u1ed1i<\/td>\nM\u0169i t\u00ean<\/td>\nM\u0169i t\u00ean<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

                  Gane & Sarson:<\/strong> K\u00fd hi\u1ec7u n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i t\u1ea1i Hoa K\u1ef3 v\u00e0 ch\u00e2u \u00c2u. N\u00f3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng h\u00ecnh ch\u1eef nh\u1eadt bo tr\u00f2n cho c\u00e1c qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh d\u1ea1ng \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t v\u1edbi hai \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng song song cho kho d\u1eef li\u1ec7u. K\u00fd hi\u1ec7u n\u00e0y nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t h\u1ed9p ch\u1ee9a cho logic.<\/p>\n

                  Yourdon & DeMarco:<\/strong> K\u00fd hi\u1ec7u n\u00e0y xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n s\u1edbm h\u01a1n v\u00e0 ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn trong c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng h\u1ecdc thu\u1eadt v\u00e0 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng c\u0169. N\u00f3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng h\u00ecnh tr\u00f2n cho c\u00e1c qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh. Kho d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n b\u1eb1ng h\u00ecnh ch\u1eef nh\u1eadt c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t c\u1ea1nh b\u1ecb thi\u1ebfu. C\u1ea3 hai k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ec1u h\u1ee3p l\u1ec7, nh\u01b0ng t\u00ednh nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n trong m\u1ed9t d\u1ef1 \u00e1n l\u00e0 b\u1eaft bu\u1ed9c.<\/p>\n

                  C\u00e1c quy t\u1eafc \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o t\u00ednh to\u00e0n v\u1eb9n c\u1ee7a d\u00f2ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u2696\ufe0f<\/h2>\n

                  \u0110\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u (DFD) h\u1ee3p l\u00fd v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t logic, c\u1ea7n tu\u00e2n theo c\u00e1c quy t\u1eafc c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3. Vi ph\u1ea1m c\u00e1c quy t\u1eafc n\u00e0y s\u1ebd t\u1ea1o ra s\u1ef1 m\u01a1 h\u1ed3 v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i trong thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng. C\u00e1c quy t\u1eafc n\u00e0y \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh c\u00e1ch d\u1eef li\u1ec7u di chuy\u1ec3n v\u00e0 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i.<\/p>\n

                  1. Quy t\u1eafc c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng \u2696\ufe0f<\/h3>\n

                  Khi ph\u00e2n t\u00edch m\u1ed9t s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 sang m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 ti\u1ebfp theo, c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7u ra ph\u1ea3i duy tr\u00ec s\u1ef1 nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u.<\/p>\n

                    \n
                  • N\u1ebfu qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh cha c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o l\u00e0 D\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u1eb7t h\u00e0ng<\/em>, s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 con ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o vi\u1ec7c nh\u1eadn D\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u1eb7t h\u00e0ng<\/em>.<\/li>\n
                  • C\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o m\u1edbi kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n trong s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 con n\u1ebfu ch\u00fang kh\u00f4ng t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i trong s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 cha.<\/li>\n
                  • C\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea7u ra hi\u1ec7n c\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3o to\u00e0n trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ph\u00e2n t\u00edch.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                    2. Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 lu\u1ed3ng tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp t\u1eeb kho n\u00e0y sang kho kh\u00e1c \ud83d\udeab<\/h3>\n

                    D\u1eef li\u1ec7u kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 di chuy\u1ec3n tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp t\u1eeb kho d\u1eef li\u1ec7u n\u00e0y sang kho d\u1eef li\u1ec7u kh\u00e1c. Ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ec3 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i ho\u1eb7c di chuy\u1ec3n d\u1eef li\u1ec7u.<\/p>\n

                      \n
                    • L\u00fd do:<\/strong>Vi\u1ec7c di chuy\u1ec3n d\u1eef li\u1ec7u th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi logic (v\u00ed d\u1ee5: c\u1eadp nh\u1eadt m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3n ghi, sao ch\u00e9p m\u1ed9t t\u1ec7p tin).<\/li>\n
                    • H\u1ec7 qu\u1ea3:<\/strong>M\u1ecdi chuy\u1ec3n giao th\u00f4ng tin \u0111\u1ec1u ph\u1ea3i \u0111i k\u00e8m v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t b\u01b0\u1edbc x\u1eed l\u00fd.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                      3. Quy t\u1eafc \u0111\u1eb7t t\u00ean lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \ud83c\udff7\ufe0f<\/h3>\n

                      Nh\u00e3n tr\u00ean c\u00e1c lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u ph\u1ea3i mang t\u00ednh m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 v\u00e0 \u1edf d\u1ea1ng s\u1ed1 \u00edt.<\/p>\n

                        \n
                      • M\u1ed9t kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m duy nh\u1ea5t:<\/strong> M\u1ed9t m\u0169i t\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e1nh nh\u00e3n Th\u00f4ng tin kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng<\/em> ng\u1ee5 \u00fd m\u1ed9t g\u00f3i d\u1eef li\u1ec7u c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 th\u00f4ng tin kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng.<\/li>\n
                      • T\u00ednh nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n:<\/strong> C\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t g\u00f3i d\u1eef li\u1ec7u ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 c\u00f9ng t\u00ean tr\u00ean t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3.<\/li>\n
                      • Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 lu\u1ed3ng \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n:<\/strong> Kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00e1nh nh\u00e3n c\u00e1c lu\u1ed3ng b\u1eb1ng logic (v\u00ed d\u1ee5: C\u00f3\/Kh\u00f4ng<\/em>). C\u00e1c s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 DFD t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o d\u1eef li\u1ec7u, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                        4. Logic c\u1ee7a kho d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \ud83d\uddc4\ufe0f<\/h3>\n

                        C\u00e1c kho d\u1eef li\u1ec7u ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c truy c\u1eadp m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch h\u1ee3p l\u00fd.<\/p>\n

                          \n
                        • \u0110\u1ecdc\/Ghi:<\/strong> M\u1ed9t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ph\u1ea3i cho bi\u1ebft n\u00f3 \u0111ang \u0111\u1ecdc t\u1eeb hay ghi v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t kho d\u1eef li\u1ec7u.<\/li>\n
                        • S\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i:<\/strong> M\u1ed9t kho d\u1eef li\u1ec7u ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c truy c\u1eadp b\u1edfi \u00edt nh\u1ea5t m\u1ed9t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh.<\/li>\n
                        • T\u00e1ch bi\u1ec7t:<\/strong> M\u1ed9t kho kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ec3 qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd d\u1eef li\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a n\u00f3.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                          Nh\u1eefng l\u1ed7i v\u00e0 sai l\u1ea7m ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn trong s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 DFD \ud83d\udea8<\/h2>\n

                          Ngay c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng chuy\u00ean gia c\u00f3 kinh nghi\u1ec7m c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 m\u1eafc sai l\u1ea7m khi x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3. Nh\u1eadn di\u1ec7n nh\u1eefng l\u1ed7i ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn n\u00e0y s\u1ebd gi\u00fap ki\u1ec3m tra v\u00e0 x\u00e1c minh thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng.<\/p>\n

                          1. Qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh h\u1ed1 \u0111en \u26ab<\/h3>\n

                          M\u1ed9t h\u1ed1 \u0111en l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea7u ra. N\u00f3 ti\u00eau th\u1ee5 d\u1eef li\u1ec7u m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng t\u1ea1o ra b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 n\u00e0o.<\/p>\n

                            \n
                          • H\u1ec7 qu\u1ea3:<\/strong> H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111ang ti\u00eau t\u1ed1n t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng mang l\u1ea1i gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb.<\/li>\n
                          • S\u1eeda l\u1ed7i:<\/strong>X\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh d\u1eef li\u1ec7u qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh c\u1ea7n t\u1ea1o ra v\u00e0 th\u00eam lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                            2. Quy tr\u00ecnh k\u1ef3 di\u1ec7u \u2728<\/h3>\n

                            M\u1ed9t quy tr\u00ecnh k\u1ef3 di\u1ec7u l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi h\u1ed1 \u0111en. N\u00f3 c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea7u ra nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o. N\u00f3 t\u1ea1o ra d\u1eef li\u1ec7u t\u1eeb kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 g\u00ec.<\/p>\n

                              \n
                            • H\u1ec7 qu\u1ea3:<\/strong>H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111ang t\u1ea1o ra d\u1eef li\u1ec7u m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c.<\/li>\n
                            • S\u1eeda l\u1ed7i:<\/strong>Truy xu\u1ea5t ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c d\u1eef li\u1ec7u tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i ho\u1eb7c kho d\u1eef li\u1ec7u.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                              3. Quy tr\u00ecnh h\u1ed1 x\u00e1m \ud83c\udf2b\ufe0f<\/h3>\n

                              M\u1ed9t h\u1ed1 x\u00e1m x\u1ea3y ra khi \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7u ra c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t quy tr\u00ecnh kh\u00f4ng kh\u1edbp v\u1ec1 kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ho\u1eb7c lo\u1ea1i trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ph\u00e2n r\u00e3.<\/p>\n

                                \n
                              • H\u1ec7 qu\u1ea3:<\/strong>D\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111ang bi\u1ebfn m\u1ea5t ho\u1eb7c xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n kh\u00f4ng nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9.<\/li>\n
                              • S\u1eeda l\u1ed7i:<\/strong>\u0110\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o r\u1eb1ng qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ph\u00e2n r\u00e3 b\u1ea3o to\u00e0n t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u t\u1eeb c\u1ea5p cha.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                                4. C\u00e1c lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u giao nhau \u2935\ufe0f<\/h3>\n

                                M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00fac n\u00e0o c\u0169ng b\u1ecb c\u1ea5m, c\u00e1c lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u giao nhau c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 khi\u1ebfn s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 tr\u1edf n\u00ean kh\u00f3 \u0111\u1ecdc.<\/p>\n

                                  \n
                                • R\u00f5 r\u00e0ng:<\/strong>S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 n\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ecbnh tuy\u1ebfn c\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng xung quanh \u0111i\u1ec3m giao nhau n\u1ebfu c\u00f3 th\u1ec3.<\/li>\n
                                • B\u1ed1 c\u1ee5c:<\/strong>S\u1eafp x\u1ebfp c\u00e1c quy tr\u00ecnh v\u00e0 kho l\u01b0u tr\u1eef \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3m thi\u1ec3u s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng giao nhau gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                                  S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u v\u00e0 T\u1eeb \u0111i\u1ec3n d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \ud83d\udcda<\/h2>\n

                                  S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp. N\u00f3 c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ebfn T\u1eeb \u0111i\u1ec3n d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c c\u1ee7a d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111ang l\u01b0u th\u00f4ng qua s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3. T\u1eeb \u0111i\u1ec3n d\u1eef li\u1ec7u l\u00e0 kho l\u01b0u tr\u1eef th\u00f4ng tin v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng.<\/p>\n

                                    \n
                                  • \u0110\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a:<\/strong>X\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh ki\u1ec3u d\u1eef li\u1ec7u, \u0111\u1ed9 d\u00e0i v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecbnh d\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a t\u1eebng th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n d\u1eef li\u1ec7u.<\/li>\n
                                  • M\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7:<\/strong>Li\u00ean k\u1ebft c\u00e1c k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u DFD v\u1edbi c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3.<\/li>\n
                                  • T\u00ednh nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n:<\/strong>\u0110\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o nh\u00e3n tr\u00ean m\u0169i t\u00ean DFD kh\u1edbp v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a trong t\u1eeb \u0111i\u1ec3n.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                                    Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 T\u1eeb \u0111i\u1ec3n d\u1eef li\u1ec7u, s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 DFD v\u1eabn ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ea5p cao. V\u1edbi n\u00f3, s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh b\u1ea3n v\u1ebd thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u v\u00e0 logic \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng. S\u1ef1 t\u00edch h\u1ee3p n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh tr\u1ef1c quan \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c sang tri\u1ec3n khai k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt.<\/p>\n

                                    C\u00e1c th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t cho b\u1ea3o tr\u00ec \ud83d\udee1\ufe0f<\/h2>\n

                                    C\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n theo th\u1eddi gian. M\u1ed9t s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u (DFD) ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c duy tr\u00ec \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh nh\u1eefng thay \u0111\u1ed5i v\u1ec1 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u ho\u1eb7c ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac.<\/p>\n

                                      \n
                                    • Ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t phi\u00ean b\u1ea3n:<\/strong>Theo d\u00f5i c\u00e1c phi\u00ean b\u1ea3n s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ec3 qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd c\u00e1c thay \u0111\u1ed5i.<\/li>\n
                                    • T\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a thay \u0111\u1ed5i:<\/strong>Khi m\u1ed9t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh thay \u0111\u1ed5i, h\u00e3y ki\u1ec3m tra t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c lu\u1ed3ng v\u00e0 kho l\u01b0u tr\u1eef k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i v\u1edbi n\u00f3.<\/li>\n
                                    • V\u00f2ng ki\u1ec3m tra:<\/strong>Th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c ki\u1ec3m tra \u0111\u1ecbnh k\u1ef3 v\u1edbi c\u00e1c b\u00ean li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh \u0111\u00fang th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf.<\/li>\n
                                    • T\u00e0i li\u1ec7u:<\/strong>Ghi ch\u00fa tr\u00ean s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c ghi ch\u00fa gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch logic ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                                      K\u1ebft lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \ud83c\udfc1<\/h2>\n

                                      Vi\u1ec7c t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u00f3 k\u1ef7 lu\u1eadt, \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi s\u1ef1 ch\u00fa \u00fd \u0111\u1ebfn chi ti\u1ebft v\u00e0 tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7 c\u00e1c quy t\u1eafc c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac. B\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u \u0111\u00fang v\u00e0 tu\u00e2n theo c\u00e1c quy t\u1eafc c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed3 r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng v\u1ec1 h\u00e0nh vi c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng. S\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u Gane & Sarson v\u00e0 Yourdon & DeMarco mang l\u1ea1i t\u00ednh linh ho\u1ea1t, nh\u01b0ng t\u00ednh nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n v\u1eabn l\u00e0 \u01b0u ti\u00ean h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u. Tr\u00e1nh c\u00e1c l\u1ed7i ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn nh\u01b0 h\u1ed1 \u0111en v\u00e0 ph\u00e9p m\u00e0u \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o t\u00ednh to\u00e0n v\u1eb9n v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t logic. Khi k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi T\u1eeb \u0111i\u1ec3n D\u1eef li\u1ec7u, s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh y\u00eau c\u1ea7u h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u01b0\u1edbng qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n.<\/p>\n

                                      Gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u n\u1eb1m \u1edf kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea1t c\u00e1c chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c b\u00ean li\u00ean quan kh\u00f4ng chuy\u00ean v\u1ec1 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt. N\u00f3 \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n h\u00f3a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n d\u1ec5 hi\u1ec3u, h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 ra quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n trong su\u1ed1t v\u00f2ng \u0111\u1eddi d\u1ef1 \u00e1n. D\u00f9 \u0111ang thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf m\u1ed9t \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng m\u1edbi hay ph\u00e2n t\u00edch m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng hi\u1ec7n c\u00f3, c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc c\u1ee7a s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u cung c\u1ea5p n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc cho ph\u00e2n t\u00edch h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng.<\/p>\n

                                      T\u00f3m t\u1eaft nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec3m ch\u00ednh c\u1ea7n l\u01b0u \u00fd \u2705<\/h2>\n
                                        \n
                                      • C\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n c\u1ed1t l\u00f5i:<\/strong>C\u00e1c qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh, kho l\u01b0u tr\u1eef d\u1eef li\u1ec7u, c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i v\u00e0 lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u t\u1ea1o n\u00ean n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng cho m\u1ecdi s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3.<\/li>\n
                                      • Ph\u00e2n c\u1ea5p:<\/strong>S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 0, 1 v\u00e0 2 \u0111\u1ec3 qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p v\u00e0 chi ti\u1ebft.<\/li>\n
                                      • K\u00fd hi\u1ec7u:<\/strong>Ch\u1ecdn m\u1ed9t chu\u1ea9n k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u (Gane & Sarson ho\u1eb7c Yourdon & DeMarco) v\u00e0 tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7 n\u00f3.<\/li>\n
                                      • T\u00ednh to\u00e0n v\u1eb9n:<\/strong>\u0110\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c lu\u1ed3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng gi\u1eefa s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 cha v\u00e0 s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 con.<\/li>\n
                                      • L\u00f4gic:<\/strong>Tr\u00e1nh c\u00e1c l\u1ed7i lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u nh\u01b0 ph\u00e9p m\u00e0u v\u00e0 h\u1ed1 \u0111en.<\/li>\n
                                      • T\u00e0i li\u1ec7u:<\/strong>Lu\u00f4n li\u00ean k\u1ebft c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n DFD v\u1edbi T\u1eeb \u0111i\u1ec3n D\u1eef li\u1ec7u.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                                        \u00c1p d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c, d\u1ec5 b\u1ea3o tr\u00ec v\u00e0 h\u1eefu \u00edch cho to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ed9i ng\u0169 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n. M\u1ed9t s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng t\u1ed1t s\u1ebd gi\u1ea3m thi\u1ec3u s\u1ef1 m\u01a1 h\u1ed3 v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1ed9 h\u00f3a th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt v\u1edbi m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau kinh doanh.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

                                        S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u (DFD) \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 l\u00e0 c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng trong ph\u00e2n t\u00edch v\u00e0 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng. N\u00f3 cung c\u1ea5p m\u1ed9t bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n tr\u1ef1c quan…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":1781,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_title":"C\u00e1c kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n v\u1ec1 s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u: H\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn v\u1ec1 k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u v\u00e0 c\u00e1ch ghi \ud83d\udcca","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"H\u1ecdc c\u00e1c k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u v\u00e0 c\u00e1ch ghi c\u1ee7a s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u. H\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 DFD, phong c\u00e1ch Gane & Sarson v\u00e0 Yourdon & DeMarco cho ph\u00e2n t\u00edch h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng.","fifu_image_url":"","fifu_image_alt":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[96],"tags":[89,95],"class_list":["post-1780","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-dfd","tag-academic","tag-dfd"],"yoast_head":"\nC\u00e1c kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n v\u1ec1 s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u: H\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn v\u1ec1 k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u v\u00e0 c\u00e1ch ghi \ud83d\udcca<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"H\u1ecdc c\u00e1c k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u v\u00e0 c\u00e1ch ghi c\u1ee7a s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u. 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