{"id":1772,"date":"2026-03-31T10:06:06","date_gmt":"2026-03-31T10:06:06","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.viz-note.com\/vi\/data-flow-diagrams-myths-misconceptions-debunked\/"},"modified":"2026-03-31T10:06:06","modified_gmt":"2026-03-31T10:06:06","slug":"data-flow-diagrams-myths-misconceptions-debunked","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.viz-note.com\/vi\/data-flow-diagrams-myths-misconceptions-debunked\/","title":{"rendered":"S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u: Nh\u1eefng hi\u1ec3u l\u1ea7m v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecbnh ki\u1ebfn b\u1ecb v\u1ea1ch m\u1eb7t"},"content":{"rendered":"

Ph\u00e2n t\u00edch v\u00e0 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u v\u00e0o bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n tr\u1ef1c quan \u0111\u1ec3 truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea1t logic ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p. Trong s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 s\u1eb5n c\u00f3, s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u (DFD) v\u1eabn l\u00e0 n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng quan tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed3 h\u00f3a s\u1ef1 di chuy\u1ec3n th\u00f4ng tin. D\u00f9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i, v\u1eabn t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i s\u1ef1 nh\u1ea7m l\u1eabn \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c DFD th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec v\u00e0 n\u00f3 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o trong b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh t\u1ed5ng th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng. H\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn n\u00e0y gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft nh\u1eefng hi\u1ec3u l\u1ea7m v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecbnh ki\u1ebfn ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn nh\u1ea5t xung quanh s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u, mang l\u1ea1i s\u1ef1 r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng cho c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch, nh\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u00e0 c\u00e1c b\u00ean li\u00ean quan.<\/p>\n

Hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u00fang b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a DFD l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c. Khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u00fang c\u00e1ch, ch\u00fang l\u00e0m r\u00f5 lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb m\u1eafc k\u1eb9t v\u00e0o logic quy tr\u00ecnh. Tuy nhi\u00ean, khi b\u1ecb hi\u1ec3u sai, ch\u00fang c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng khi\u1ebfm khuy\u1ebft trong thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5 trong giao ti\u1ebfp. Ch\u00fang ta s\u1ebd kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n c\u1ed1t l\u00f5i, nh\u1eefng l\u1ed7i ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn v\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u00fang m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch. \ud83d\udee0\ufe0f<\/p>\n

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\"Hand-drawn<\/figure>\n<\/div>\n

S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u l\u00e0 g\u00ec? \ud83e\udd14<\/h2>\n

S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n tr\u1ef1c quan v\u1ec1 lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u qua m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng th\u00f4ng tin. Kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi c\u00e1c s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 kh\u00e1c t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o c\u00e1ch h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng (lu\u1ed3ng \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n), DFD t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111ang di chuy\u1ec3n v\u00e0 \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e2u. N\u00f3 ph\u00e2n r\u00e3 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o th\u00e0nh d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ea7u ra.<\/p>\n

M\u1ee5c ti\u00eau ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 tr\u1ef1c quan h\u00f3a \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7u ra c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng, cho th\u1ea5y d\u1eef li\u1ec7u thay \u0111\u1ed5i nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o khi \u0111i qua c\u00e1c giai \u0111o\u1ea1n kh\u00e1c nhau. S\u1ef1 tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u00e0y gi\u00fap c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng thay v\u00ec chi ti\u1ebft tri\u1ec3n khai c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3.<\/p>\n

C\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n c\u1ed1t l\u00f5i c\u1ee7a DFD<\/h3>\n

\u0110\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 h\u1ee3p l\u1ec7, ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng ph\u1ea3i hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 b\u1ed1n th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n:<\/p>\n

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  • C\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i:<\/strong> Ch\u00fang \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho ngu\u1ed3n ho\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a d\u1eef li\u1ec7u b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i ranh gi\u1edbi h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng. Ch\u00fang c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng, c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng kh\u00e1c ho\u1eb7c thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee9ng. Ch\u00fang th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n b\u1eb1ng h\u00ecnh vu\u00f4ng ho\u1eb7c h\u00ecnh tr\u00f2n. \ud83d\udda5\ufe0f<\/li>\n
  • C\u00e1c qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh:<\/strong> Ch\u00fang l\u00e0 c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng ho\u1eb7c bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n tr\u00ean d\u1eef li\u1ec7u. M\u1ed9t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh nh\u1eadn d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o, thay \u0111\u1ed5i n\u00f3 v\u00e0 t\u1ea1o ra d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ea7u ra. Ch\u00fang th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n b\u1eb1ng h\u00ecnh ch\u1eef nh\u1eadt tr\u00f2n ho\u1eb7c h\u00ecnh tr\u00f2n. \u2699\ufe0f<\/li>\n
  • C\u00e1c kho d\u1eef li\u1ec7u:<\/strong> Ch\u00fang \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho nh\u1eefng n\u01a1i l\u01b0u tr\u1eef d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ec3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng sau n\u00e0y, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c t\u1ec7p tin, c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u ho\u1eb7c kho l\u01b0u tr\u1eef v\u1eadt l\u00fd. Ch\u00fang kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c thi; ch\u00fang ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 b\u1ed9 nh\u1edb th\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ed9ng. \ud83d\uddc4\ufe0f<\/li>\n
  • C\u00e1c lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u:<\/strong> Ch\u00fang l\u00e0 c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh tr\u00ecnh m\u00e0 d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111i qua gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3, qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh v\u00e0 kho l\u01b0u tr\u1eef. Ch\u00fang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c m\u0169i t\u00ean ch\u1ec9 h\u01b0\u1edbng di chuy\u1ec3n. \ud83c\udff9<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

    M\u1ed7i th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3. Vi\u1ec7c nh\u1ea7m l\u1eabn c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n n\u00e0y s\u1ebd d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 kh\u00f4ng h\u1ee3p l\u1ec7, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u00fang h\u00e0nh vi th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng.<\/p>\n

    Nh\u1eefng hi\u1ec3u l\u1ea7m ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn v\u1ec1 s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \ud83d\udeab<\/h2>\n

    C\u00f3 r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u hi\u1ec3u l\u1ea7m xung quanh DFD trong ng\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p. Nhi\u1ec1u chuy\u00ean gia mang theo nh\u1eefng gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ea3n tr\u1edf vi\u1ec7c m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3. D\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y, ch\u00fang t\u00f4i v\u1ea1ch m\u1eb7t n\u0103m hi\u1ec3u l\u1ea7m ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn nh\u1ea5t.<\/p>\n

    Hi\u1ec3u l\u1ea7m 1: DFD ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u ki\u1ec3u \u0111\u1eb9p m\u1eaft \ud83d\udcc9<\/h3>\n

    \u0110\u00e2y c\u00f3 l\u1ebd l\u00e0 sai l\u1ea7m ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn nh\u1ea5t. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 c\u1ea3 hai s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ec1u s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng m\u0169i t\u00ean v\u00e0 h\u00ecnh d\u1ea1ng, nh\u01b0ng m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang kh\u00e1c nhau \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3.<\/p>\n

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    • S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 lu\u1ed3ng<\/strong> m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 lu\u1ed3ng \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n. Ch\u00fang th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n tr\u00ecnh t\u1ef1 c\u00e1c thao t\u00e1c, c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec3m quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh (nh\u00e1nh c\u00f3\/kh\u00f4ng) v\u00e0 v\u00f2ng l\u1eb7p. Ch\u00fang tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi: \u201cVi\u1ec7c g\u00ec x\u1ea3y ra ti\u1ebfp theo?\u201d<\/li>\n
    • S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u<\/strong> m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 s\u1ef1 di chuy\u1ec3n d\u1eef li\u1ec7u. Ch\u00fang kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n v\u00f2ng l\u1eb7p hay logic quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh. Ch\u00fang tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi: \u201cD\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111i \u0111\u00e2u?\u201d<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

      N\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n v\u1ebd h\u00ecnh thoi \u0111\u1ec3 bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n m\u1ed9t quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh, b\u1ea1n \u0111ang v\u1ebd s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 lu\u1ed3ng, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i DFD. Trong DFD, m\u1ed9t quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh l\u1ecdc d\u1eef li\u1ec7u. Con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i qua kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n; ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ea7u ra m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3n th\u1ecb. Vi\u1ec7c tr\u1ed9n l\u1eabn c\u00e1c kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m n\u00e0y t\u1ea1o ra s\u1ef1 m\u01a1 h\u1ed3 v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho logic hay d\u1eef li\u1ec7u.<\/p>\n

      Hi\u1ec3u l\u1ea7m 2: DFD th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n logic v\u00e0 thu\u1eadt to\u00e1n \ud83e\udde0<\/h3>\n

      C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng nh\u1ed3i nh\u00e9t qu\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u chi ti\u1ebft v\u00e0o v\u00f2ng tr\u00f2n qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a DFD. H\u1ecd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 vi\u1ebft m\u00e3 gi\u1ea3 b\u00ean trong v\u00f2ng tr\u00f2n qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ho\u1eb7c m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 c\u00e1c thu\u1eadt to\u00e1n ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y vi ph\u1ea1m nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u00f3a.<\/p>\n

      M\u1ed9t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh trong DFD l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ‘h\u1ed9p \u0111en’. N\u00f3 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ea7u ra, nh\u01b0ng c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf b\u00ean trong b\u1ecb \u1ea9n \u0111i. N\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n c\u1ea7n gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch logic, h\u00e3y d\u00f9ng m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 b\u1eb1ng ti\u1ebfng Anh c\u00f3 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac ho\u1eb7c m\u1ed9t s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 lu\u1ed3ng thu\u1eadt to\u00e1n ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t. Nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a DFD l\u00e0 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i m\u00e3 n\u1ed9i b\u1ed9.<\/p>\n

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      • Sai:<\/strong> Vi\u1ebft \u201cN\u1ebfu s\u1ed1 d\u01b0 > 0, tr\u1eeb ph\u00ed\u201d b\u00ean trong m\u1ed9t h\u1ed9p quy tr\u00ecnh.<\/li>\n
      • \u0110\u00fang:<\/strong>\u0110\u1eb7t nh\u00e3n cho quy tr\u00ecnh l\u00e0 \u201cT\u00ednh ph\u00ed\u201d v\u00e0 hi\u1ec3n th\u1ecb lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u201cS\u1ed1 d\u01b0 t\u00e0i kho\u1ea3n\u201d \u0111i v\u00e0o v\u00e0 \u201cT\u00ednh to\u00e1n ph\u00ed\u201d \u0111i ra.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

        Nghi\u1ec7m 3: S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u ch\u1ec9 d\u00e0nh cho nh\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \ud83d\udc68\u200d\ud83d\udcbb<\/h3>\n

        M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi cho r\u1eb1ng s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u l\u00e0 c\u00e1c s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt ch\u1ec9 d\u00e0nh ri\u00eang cho nh\u00f3m l\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y l\u00e0m h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang. S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u l\u00e0 c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 giao ti\u1ebfp tuy\u1ec7t v\u1eddi cho c\u00e1c b\u00ean li\u00ean quan kinh doanh, qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd d\u1ef1 \u00e1n v\u00e0 kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng.<\/p>\n

        V\u00ec s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o d\u1eef li\u1ec7u thay v\u00ec m\u00e3 ngu\u1ed3n, n\u00ean ch\u00fang kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef l\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh. M\u1ed9t ch\u1ee7 doanh nghi\u1ec7p c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 xem s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u v\u00e0 hi\u1ec3u c\u00e1ch th\u00f4ng tin kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng di chuy\u1ec3n qua h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng h\u00f3a \u0111\u01a1n m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n bi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u hay \u0111i\u1ec3m cu\u1ed1i API. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y khi\u1ebfn ch\u00fang tr\u1edf n\u00ean thi\u1ebft y\u1ebfu trong vi\u1ec7c thu th\u1eadp v\u00e0 x\u00e1c minh y\u00eau c\u1ea7u.<\/p>\n

        Nghi\u1ec7m 4: M\u1ed9t s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi m\u1ecdi t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng \ud83d\udcd0<\/h3>\n

        Con ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng v\u1ebd to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t trang duy nh\u1ea5t. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 l\u1ed9n x\u1ed9n v\u00e0 kh\u00f3 \u0111\u1ecdc. S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u c\u00f3 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac ph\u00e2n c\u1ea5p. Ch\u00fang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf \u0111\u1ec3 chia nh\u1ecf th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 chi ti\u1ebft kh\u00e1c nhau.<\/p>\n

          \n
        • S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh:<\/strong> M\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 cao nh\u1ea5t. Hi\u1ec3n th\u1ecb h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t quy tr\u00ecnh duy nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 c\u00e1c t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 v\u1edbi c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i.<\/li>\n
        • S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 m\u1ee9c 0:<\/strong>Ph\u00e2n t\u00edch quy tr\u00ecnh ch\u00ednh th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c quy tr\u00ecnh con ch\u00ednh.<\/li>\n
        • S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 m\u1ee9c 1:<\/strong>Ph\u00e2n t\u00edch s\u00e2u h\u01a1n c\u00e1c quy tr\u00ecnh con c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

          B\u1eaft bu\u1ed9c t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 chi ti\u1ebft n\u00e0y v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t g\u00f3c nh\u00ecn s\u1ebd l\u00e0m m\u1edd c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac. M\u1ed7i m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00ean \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp nh\u01b0ng v\u1eabn gi\u1eef \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n v\u1edbi c\u00e1c m\u1ee9c kh\u00e1c.<\/p>\n

          Nghi\u1ec7m 5: Lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua c\u00e1c quy tr\u00ecnh m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n d\u1eebng l\u1ea1i \ud83d\udd04<\/h3>\n

          M\u1ed9t quy t\u1eafc nghi\u00eam ng\u1eb7t trong m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u l\u00e0 d\u1eef li\u1ec7u kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ch\u1ea3y tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i sang th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i kh\u00e1c, hay t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t kho d\u1eef li\u1ec7u n\u00e0y sang kho d\u1eef li\u1ec7u kh\u00e1c. T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 d\u1eef li\u1ec7u ph\u1ea3i \u0111i qua m\u1ed9t quy tr\u00ecnh.<\/p>\n

          N\u1ebfu d\u1eef li\u1ec7u di chuy\u1ec3n t\u1eeb Th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 A sang Kho d\u1eef li\u1ec7u B, n\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i \u0111i qua m\u1ed9t quy tr\u00ecnh. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111ang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u1eed l\u00fd ho\u1eb7c x\u00e1c th\u1ef1c. Cho ph\u00e9p k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp ng\u1ee5 \u00fd r\u1eb1ng h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng kh\u00f4ng ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1eef li\u1ec7u, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y hi\u1ebfm khi \u0111\u00fang trong k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m.<\/p>\n

          Hi\u1ec3u v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 v\u00e0 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac ph\u00e2n c\u1ea5p c\u1ee7a s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \ud83d\udcda<\/h2>\n

          Vi\u1ec7c t\u1ea1o c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u nhi\u1ec1u m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 l\u00e0 thi\u1ebft y\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ec3 qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p. D\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac ph\u00e2n c\u1ea5p th\u01b0\u1eddng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng.<\/p>\n

          M\u1ee9c 0: S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh<\/h3>\n

          \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 b\u1ea3n t\u1ed5ng quan. N\u00f3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh ranh gi\u1edbi c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng. T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec n\u1eb1m b\u00ean trong v\u00f2ng tr\u00f2n quy tr\u00ecnh duy nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng. T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec n\u1eb1m b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i l\u00e0 b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i. S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 n\u00e0y gi\u00fap c\u00e1c b\u00ean li\u00ean quan hi\u1ec3u ngay l\u1eadp t\u1ee9c ph\u1ea1m vi c\u1ee7a d\u1ef1 \u00e1n.<\/p>\n

          M\u1ee9c 1: Ph\u00e2n t\u00edch<\/h3>\n

          \u1ede \u0111\u00e2y, quy tr\u00ecnh duy nh\u1ea5t t\u1eeb m\u1ee9c 0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c khu v\u1ef1c ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng ch\u00ednh. V\u00ed d\u1ee5, m\u1ed9t \u201cH\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng x\u1eed l\u00fd \u0111\u01a1n h\u00e0ng\u201d c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh \u201cNh\u1eadn \u0111\u01a1n h\u00e0ng\u201d, \u201cX\u1eed l\u00fd thanh to\u00e1n\u201d v\u00e0 \u201cGiao h\u00e0ng\u201d. M\u1ee9c n\u00e0y cung c\u1ea5p c\u00e1i nh\u00ecn t\u1ed5ng quan v\u1ec1 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac b\u00ean trong.<\/p>\n

          M\u1ee9c 2 v\u00e0 cao h\u01a1n: Ph\u00e2n t\u00edch chi ti\u1ebft<\/h3>\n

          C\u00e1c m\u1ee9c n\u00e0y \u0111i s\u00e2u v\u00e0o c\u00e1c quy tr\u00ecnh c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 t\u1eeb m\u1ee9c 1. B\u1ea1n ng\u1eebng ph\u00e2n t\u00edch khi m\u1ed9t quy tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee9c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n chi ti\u1ebft th\u00eam, ho\u1eb7c khi n\u00f3 qu\u00e1 chi ti\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee9c kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n h\u1eefu \u00edch (v\u00ed d\u1ee5: m\u1ed9t d\u00f2ng m\u00e3 duy nh\u1ea5t).<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
          So s\u00e1nh c\u00e1c m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u<\/caption>\n
          M\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9<\/th>\nTr\u1ecdng t\u00e2m<\/th>\n\u0110\u1ed9 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p<\/th>\n\u0110\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng ch\u00ednh<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n
          B\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh (M\u1ee9c 0)<\/td>\nBi\u00ean gi\u1edbi h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng<\/td>\nTh\u1ea5p<\/td>\nC\u00e1c b\u00ean li\u00ean quan<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
          M\u1ee9c 0<\/td>\nC\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng con ch\u00ednh<\/td>\nTrung b\u00ecnh<\/td>\nNh\u00e0 qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd d\u1ef1 \u00e1n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
          M\u1ee9c 1+<\/td>\nC\u00e1c quy tr\u00ecnh c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3<\/td>\nCao<\/td>\nNh\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

          S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u so v\u1edbi c\u00e1c s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a kh\u00e1c \ud83d\udd04<\/h2>\n

          S\u1ef1 nh\u1ea7m l\u1eabn th\u01b0\u1eddng x\u1ea3y ra gi\u1eefa s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u v\u00e0 c\u00e1c k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a kh\u00e1c. Bi\u1ebft khi n\u00e0o n\u00ean s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 n\u00e0o l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u r\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng.<\/p>\n

          S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u so v\u1edbi s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 quan h\u1ec7 th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 (ERD)<\/h3>\n
            \n
          • S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u (DFD):<\/strong>T\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o h\u00e0nh vi \u0111\u1ed9ng. C\u00e1ch d\u1eef li\u1ec7u di chuy\u1ec3n theo th\u1eddi gian. N\u00f3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh v\u00e0 lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u.<\/li>\n
          • S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 quan h\u1ec7 th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 (ERD):<\/strong>T\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac t\u0129nh. C\u00e1ch d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u01b0u tr\u1eef v\u00e0 li\u00ean k\u1ebft v\u1edbi nhau. N\u00f3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c b\u1ea3ng, kh\u00f3a v\u00e0 m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

            B\u1ea1n th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ea7n c\u1ea3 hai. S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u cho b\u1ea1n bi\u1ebft d\u1eef li\u1ec7u n\u00e0o l\u00e0 c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft, c\u00f2n s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 quan h\u1ec7 th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 cho b\u1ea1n bi\u1ebft c\u00e1ch l\u01b0u tr\u1eef d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u00f3. \u0110\u1eebng c\u1ed1 \u00e9p s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 quan h\u1ec7 th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n s\u1ef1 di chuy\u1ec3n d\u1eef li\u1ec7u, hay s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u.<\/p>\n

            S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u so v\u1edbi s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng UML<\/h3>\n
              \n
            • S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u (DFD):<\/strong>T\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o d\u1eef li\u1ec7u. Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 lu\u1ed3ng \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 v\u00f2ng l\u1eb7p.<\/li>\n
            • S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng:<\/strong>T\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o h\u00e0nh vi. Th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n logic, c\u00e1c quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 x\u1eed l\u00fd song song.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

              S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng khi b\u1ea1n c\u1ea7n m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 quy tr\u00ecnh l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c ho\u1eb7c c\u00e1c thay \u0111\u1ed5i tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i. S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u khi b\u1ea1n c\u1ea7n m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 c\u00e1c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u v\u1ec1 d\u1eef li\u1ec7u.<\/p>\n

              C\u00e1c th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c \u2705<\/h2>\n

              \u0110\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o c\u00e1c s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c, h\u00e3y tu\u00e2n theo c\u00e1c h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac sau.<\/p>\n

                \n
              • S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1eeb h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng:<\/strong> T\u00ean quy tr\u00ecnh lu\u00f4n ph\u1ea3i b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1eeb (v\u00ed d\u1ee5: \u201cT\u00ednh thu\u1ebf\u201d, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i \u201cT\u00ednh to\u00e1n thu\u1ebf\u201d). \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i.<\/li>\n
              • Duy tr\u00ec t\u00ednh nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n trong \u0111\u1eb7t t\u00ean:<\/strong> N\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201cH\u00f3a \u0111\u01a1n\u201d \u1edf c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 0, th\u00ec ph\u1ea3i g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201cH\u00f3a \u0111\u01a1n\u201d \u1edf c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 1. Vi\u1ec7c thay \u0111\u1ed5i t\u00ean s\u1ebd g\u00e2y nh\u1ea7m l\u1eabn v\u1ec1 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t d\u1eef li\u1ec7u.<\/li>\n
              • C\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n:<\/strong> C\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7u ra c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t quy tr\u00ecnh cha ph\u1ea3i kh\u1edbp v\u1edbi c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7u ra c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c quy tr\u00ecnh con. N\u1ebfu \u201cD\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u01a1n h\u00e0ng\u201d \u0111i v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t quy tr\u00ecnh c\u1ea5p 0, th\u00ec \u201cD\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u01a1n h\u00e0ng\u201d (ho\u1eb7c c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a n\u00f3) ph\u1ea3i \u0111i v\u00e0o c\u00e1c quy tr\u00ecnh c\u1ea5p 1 t\u1ea1o n\u00ean quy tr\u00ecnh cha \u0111\u00f3.<\/li>\n
              • Tr\u00e1nh c\u00e1c lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u1ea3o:<\/strong> \u0110\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o m\u1ecdi m\u0169i t\u00ean \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch. N\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111i v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t quy tr\u00ecnh nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u1ea3o v\u00e0 c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf. Ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, n\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t quy tr\u00ecnh t\u1ea1o ra d\u1eef li\u1ec7u nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 g\u00ec s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng n\u00f3, th\u00ec d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u00f3 b\u1ecb b\u1ecf r\u01a1i.<\/li>\n
              • H\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i v\u1edbi kho d\u1eef li\u1ec7u:<\/strong> Kh\u00f4ng k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i m\u1ed9t quy tr\u00ecnh tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u kho d\u1eef li\u1ec7u tr\u1eeb khi c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft. Gi\u1eef cho lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u h\u1ee3p l\u00fd.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                Nh\u1eefng sai l\u1ea7m ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn c\u1ea7n tr\u00e1nh \u26a0\ufe0f<\/h2>\n

                Ngay c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch c\u00f3 kinh nghi\u1ec7m c\u0169ng m\u1eafc sai l\u1ea7m. D\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec3m nguy hi\u1ec3m l\u00e0m gi\u1ea3m ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3.<\/p>\n

                Tr\u1ed9n l\u1eabn \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n v\u00e0 d\u1eef li\u1ec7u<\/h3>\n

                Kh\u00f4ng bao g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c h\u00ecnh thoi quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh hay v\u00f2ng l\u1eb7p. N\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t quy tr\u00ecnh c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111i \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n, h\u00e3y \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n ch\u1ec9 ra lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3. Logic th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 quy tr\u00ecnh, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3.<\/p>\n

                B\u1ecf qua kho d\u1eef li\u1ec7u<\/h3>\n

                M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 b\u1ecf qua kho d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n h\u00f3a h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y l\u00e0 sai. Kho d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho t\u00ednh b\u1ec1n v\u1eefng. N\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ch\u00fang, s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 s\u1ebd ng\u1ee5 \u00fd r\u1eb1ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u l\u00e0 nh\u1ea5t th\u1eddi v\u00e0 b\u1ecb m\u1ea5t sau khi x\u1eed l\u00fd. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y hi\u1ebfm khi x\u1ea3y ra trong c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng kinh doanh.<\/p>\n

                Trang tr\u00ed qu\u00e1 m\u1ee9c<\/h3>\n

                Kh\u00f4ng th\u00eam m\u00e0u s\u1eafc, bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng hay c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 trang tr\u00ed tr\u1eeb khi ch\u00fang ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch ng\u1eef ngh\u0129a c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 (nh\u01b0 m\u00e3 m\u00e0u theo m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 \u01b0u ti\u00ean). Gi\u1eef ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef tr\u1ef1c quan chu\u1ea9n \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o s\u1ef1 r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng.<\/p>\n

                Gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng<\/h3>\n

                \u0110\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o b\u1ea1n bi\u1ebft r\u00f5 \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec n\u1eb1m trong h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec n\u1eb1m ngo\u00e0i. N\u1ebfu giao di\u1ec7n ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng, th\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng l\u00e0 th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3. N\u1ebfu giao di\u1ec7n ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng n\u1eb1m ngo\u00e0i (nh\u01b0 tr\u00ecnh duy\u1ec7t web), ranh gi\u1edbi h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kh\u00e1c nhau. T\u00ednh nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y gi\u00fap ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n s\u1ef1 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng ph\u1ea1m vi.<\/p>\n

                T\u1ea7m quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1eb7t t\u00ean cho lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \ud83c\udff7\ufe0f<\/h2>\n

                Vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1eb7t t\u00ean cho lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u quan tr\u1ecdng h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u1eadn ra. M\u1ed9t nh\u00e3n nh\u01b0 \u201cD\u1eef li\u1ec7u\u201d l\u00e0 v\u00f4 d\u1ee5ng. M\u1ed9t nh\u00e3n nh\u01b0 \u201cTh\u00f4ng tin kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng\u201d t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n. M\u1ed9t nh\u00e3n nh\u01b0 \u201cT\u00ean kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng, \u0110\u1ecba ch\u1ec9 v\u00e0 S\u1ed1 \u0111i\u1ec7n tho\u1ea1i\u201d l\u00e0 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c.<\/p>\n

                \u0110\u1eb7t t\u00ean r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng gi\u00fap tr\u00e1nh hi\u1ec3u l\u1ea7m trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n tri\u1ec3n khai. Khi c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n th\u1ea5y \u201cH\u00f3a \u0111\u01a1n\u201d, h\u1ecd bi\u1ebft ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac n\u00e0o c\u1ea7n mong \u0111\u1ee3i. N\u1ebfu nh\u00e3n m\u01a1 h\u1ed3, h\u1ecd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0a ra gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecbnh d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn l\u1ed7i t\u00edch h\u1ee3p.<\/p>\n

                B\u1ea3o tr\u00ec s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u theo th\u1eddi gian \ud83d\udd04<\/h2>\n

                S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u t\u0129nh. H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng thay \u0111\u1ed5i, y\u00eau c\u1ea7u c\u0169ng thay \u0111\u1ed5i. M\u1ed9t s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c h\u00f4m nay c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tr\u1edf n\u00ean l\u1ed7i th\u1eddi sau s\u00e1u th\u00e1ng.<\/p>\n

                  \n
                • Ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t phi\u00ean b\u1ea3n:<\/strong>Xem s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u nh\u01b0 m\u00e3 ngu\u1ed3n. Ghi l\u1ea1i c\u00e1c phi\u00ean b\u1ea3n s\u1eeda \u0111\u1ed5i.<\/li>\n
                • V\u00f2ng ki\u1ec3m tra:<\/strong>L\u00ean l\u1ecbch ki\u1ec3m tra \u0111\u1ecbnh k\u1ef3 v\u1edbi c\u00e1c b\u00ean li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh \u0111\u00fang c\u00e1c quy t\u1eafc kinh doanh hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i.<\/li>\n
                • C\u00e1c s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n k\u00edch ho\u1ea1t c\u1eadp nh\u1eadt:<\/strong>S\u1eeda \u0111\u1ed5i s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 m\u1ed7i khi th\u00eam t\u00ednh n\u0103ng ch\u00ednh, thay \u0111\u1ed5i l\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3 c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u ho\u1eb7c thay \u0111\u1ed5i t\u00edch h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi b\u00ean th\u1ee9 ba.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                  Vi\u1ec7c kh\u00f4ng duy tr\u00ec c\u00e1c s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 t\u00e1ch r\u1eddi gi\u1eefa t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n s\u1ebd b\u1ecf qua t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean m\u1edbi trong nh\u00f3m s\u1ebd b\u1ecb hi\u1ec3u l\u1ea7m. H\u00e3y coi s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng.<\/p>\n

                  C\u00e1c c\u00e2n nh\u1eafc k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt cho vi\u1ec7c tri\u1ec3n khai \ud83d\udee0\ufe0f<\/h2>\n

                  Khi chuy\u1ec3n t\u1eeb thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf sang tri\u1ec3n khai, s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 nh\u01b0 b\u1ea3n v\u1ebd thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf. D\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chuy\u1ec3n h\u00f3a th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt.<\/p>\n

                  \u00c1nh x\u1ea1 v\u00e0o l\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3 c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u<\/h3>\n

                  M\u1ed7i kho d\u1eef li\u1ec7u trong s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u ph\u1ea3i t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3ng ho\u1eb7c b\u1ed9 s\u01b0u t\u1eadp trong c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u. C\u00e1c lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u ch\u1ec9 ra c\u00e1c c\u1ed9t v\u00e0 m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7. N\u1ebfu s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u cho th\u1ea5y “\u0110\u1ecba ch\u1ec9 giao h\u00e0ng” \u0111ang ch\u1ea3y v\u00e0o “H\u1ed3 s\u01a1 kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng”, c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t tr\u01b0\u1eddng cho \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y. N\u1ebfu thi\u1ebfu, thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf s\u1ebd c\u00f3 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1.<\/p>\n

                  \u00c1nh x\u1ea1 v\u00e0o \u0111i\u1ec3m cu\u1ed1i API<\/h3>\n

                  C\u00e1c qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh trong s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chuy\u1ec3n th\u00e0nh \u0111i\u1ec3m cu\u1ed1i API ho\u1eb7c c\u00e1c d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 vi m\u00f4. M\u1ed9t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh c\u00f3 t\u00ean l\u00e0 “X\u00e1c th\u1ef1c ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng” c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh \u0111i\u1ec3m cu\u1ed1i `\/auth\/validate`. C\u00e1c lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u1ecbnh d\u1ea1ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u y\u00eau c\u1ea7u v\u00e0 ph\u1ea3n h\u1ed3i.<\/p>\n

                  K\u1ebft lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t \ud83c\udfaf<\/h2>\n

                  Ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn c\u00e1c quy t\u1eafc m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a nghi\u00eam ng\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o r\u1eb1ng s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u v\u1eabn l\u00e0 c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 h\u1eefu \u00edch trong su\u1ed1t v\u00f2ng \u0111\u1eddi d\u1ef1 \u00e1n. B\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch tr\u00e1nh nh\u1eefng hi\u1ec3u l\u1ea7m ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn v\u00e0 t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c di chuy\u1ec3n d\u1eef li\u1ec7u thay v\u00ec logic \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n, c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1c s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. H\u00e3y nh\u1edb r\u1eb1ng m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau l\u00e0 giao ti\u1ebfp, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01a1n thu\u1ea7n l\u00e0 t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u h\u00f3a. N\u1ebfu s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 kh\u00f4ng gi\u00fap nh\u00f3m hi\u1ec3u h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng, th\u00ec n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch.<\/p>\n

                  Vi\u1ec7c xem x\u00e9t th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean, \u0111\u1eb7t t\u00ean nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n v\u00e0 ph\u00e2n c\u1ea5p h\u1ee3p l\u00fd l\u00e0 ch\u00eca kh\u00f3a th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng. H\u00e3y \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed v\u1edbi s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 v\u1edbi c\u00f9ng m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 nghi\u00eam ng\u1eb7t nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi m\u00e3 ngu\u1ed3n m\u00e0 n\u00f3 m\u00f4 t\u1ea3. S\u1ef1 k\u1ef7 lu\u1eadt n\u00e0y s\u1ebd mang l\u1ea1i l\u1ee3i \u00edch qua vi\u1ec7c gi\u1ea3m l\u1ed7i, y\u00eau c\u1ea7u r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng h\u01a1n v\u00e0 c\u00e1c chu k\u1ef3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n tr\u01a1n tru h\u01a1n.<\/p>\n

                  Nh\u1eefng suy ngh\u0129 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng v\u1ec1 tr\u1ef1c quan h\u00f3a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \ud83c\udf10<\/h2>\n

                  Vi\u1ec7c tr\u1ef1c quan h\u00f3a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng v\u1eeba l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt, v\u1eeba l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t khoa h\u1ecdc. S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u cung c\u1ea5p m\u1ed9t g\u00f3c nh\u00ecn c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ec3 quan s\u00e1t s\u1ef1 di chuy\u1ec3n d\u1eef li\u1ec7u. Ch\u00fang kh\u00f4ng thay th\u1ebf c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 kh\u00e1c, nh\u01b0ng b\u1ed5 sung cho ch\u00fang. B\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec3m m\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1eadn d\u1ee5ng s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u h\u00f3a t\u1ed1t.<\/p>\n

                  Gi\u1eef t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o d\u1eef li\u1ec7u. Gi\u1eef c\u00e1c qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh \u1edf m\u1ee9c tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng. Gi\u1eef s\u1ef1 c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9. V\u1edbi nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc n\u00e0y trong t\u00e2m tr\u00ed, n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n s\u1ebd mang l\u1ea1i k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c v\u00e0 c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

                  Ph\u00e2n t\u00edch v\u00e0 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u v\u00e0o bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n tr\u1ef1c quan \u0111\u1ec3 truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea1t logic ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p. Trong s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 s\u1eb5n c\u00f3, s\u01a1…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":1773,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_title":"S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u: Nh\u1eefng hi\u1ec3u l\u1ea7m v\u00e0 quan ni\u1ec7m sai l\u1ea7m b\u1ecb b\u00e1c b\u1ecf \ud83d\udcca","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"Kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 nh\u1eefng hi\u1ec3u l\u1ea7m ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn v\u1ec1 s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u (DFD). 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