{"id":1754,"date":"2026-04-01T18:26:34","date_gmt":"2026-04-01T18:26:34","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.viz-note.com\/vi\/data-flow-diagrams-vs-entity-relationship-diagrams\/"},"modified":"2026-04-01T18:26:34","modified_gmt":"2026-04-01T18:26:34","slug":"data-flow-diagrams-vs-entity-relationship-diagrams","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.viz-note.com\/vi\/data-flow-diagrams-vs-entity-relationship-diagrams\/","title":{"rendered":"S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u so v\u1edbi s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 quan h\u1ec7 th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3: Nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec3m kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t ch\u00ednh"},"content":{"rendered":"

Trong ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng th\u00f4ng tin, s\u1ef1 r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3ng ti\u1ec1n. Hai c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c ph\u00e2n t\u00edch h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u: s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u (DFD) v\u00e0 s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 quan h\u1ec7 th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 (ERD). M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 c\u1ea3 hai \u0111\u1ec1u ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch tr\u1ef1c quan h\u00f3a c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p, nh\u01b0ng ch\u00fang ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng tr\u00ean c\u00e1c m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n kh\u00e1c nhau. M\u1ed9t b\u00ean t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i; b\u00ean kia t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac v\u00e0 l\u01b0u tr\u1eef. Vi\u1ec7c nh\u1ea7m l\u1eabn gi\u1eefa hai lo\u1ea1i n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i v\u1ec1 ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac, b\u1ea5t nh\u1ea5t d\u1eef li\u1ec7u v\u00e0 ngh\u1ebdn t\u1eafc quy tr\u00ecnh. H\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn n\u00e0y cung c\u1ea5p c\u00e1i nh\u00ecn s\u00e2u s\u1eafc v\u1ec1 c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf, \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n

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\"Line<\/figure>\n<\/div>\n

Hi\u1ec3u v\u1ec1 s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \ud83d\udd04<\/h2>\n

S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 lu\u1ed3ng th\u00f4ng tin qua m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u01b0\u1edbng quy tr\u00ecnh. Lo\u1ea1i quan t\u00e2m ch\u00ednh \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u01b0u \u1edf \u0111\u00e2u, m\u00e0 l\u00e0 d\u1eef li\u1ec7u di chuy\u1ec3n, thay \u0111\u1ed5i v\u00e0 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o. Lo\u1ea1i s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 n\u00e0y r\u1ea5t c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u logic c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t quy tr\u00ecnh kinh doanh ho\u1eb7c \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m.<\/p>\n

C\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u<\/h3>\n

\u0110\u1ec3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng m\u1ed9t s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u h\u1ee3p l\u1ec7, c\u1ea7n hi\u1ec3u b\u1ed1n k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u chu\u1ea9n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng:<\/p>\n

    \n
  • Quy tr\u00ecnh:<\/strong>\u0110\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n b\u1eb1ng h\u00ecnh tr\u00f2n ho\u1eb7c h\u00ecnh ch\u1eef nh\u1eadt bo tr\u00f2n. M\u1ed9t quy tr\u00ecnh chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o th\u00e0nh d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ea7u ra. N\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng l\u01b0u tr\u1eef th\u00f4ng tin m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ebfn d\u1eef li\u1ec7u. C\u00e1c v\u00ed d\u1ee5 bao g\u1ed3m \u201cT\u00ednh thu\u1ebf\u201d ho\u1eb7c \u201cX\u00e1c th\u1ef1c \u0111\u0103ng nh\u1eadp\u201d.<\/li>\n
  • Kho d\u1eef li\u1ec7u:<\/strong>\u0110\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n b\u1eb1ng h\u00ecnh ch\u1eef nh\u1eadt h\u1edf ho\u1eb7c c\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng song song. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y cho th\u1ea5y n\u01a1i d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u01b0u tr\u1eef khi kh\u00f4ng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 b\u1ed9 nh\u1edb c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t t\u1ec7p tin, m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3ng c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u ho\u1eb7c m\u1ed9t kho l\u01b0u tr\u1eef v\u1eadt l\u00fd.<\/li>\n
  • C\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i:<\/strong>\u0110\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n b\u1eb1ng h\u00ecnh vu\u00f4ng. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 ngu\u1ed3n ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u00edch c\u1ee7a d\u1eef li\u1ec7u n\u1eb1m ngo\u00e0i ranh gi\u1edbi h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng. Ch\u00fang c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng, c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng kh\u00e1c ho\u1eb7c thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee9ng. Ch\u00fang kh\u1edfi t\u1ea1o ho\u1eb7c nh\u1eadn d\u1eef li\u1ec7u nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng x\u1eed l\u00fd d\u1eef li\u1ec7u b\u00ean trong.<\/li>\n
  • Lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u:<\/strong>\u0110\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n b\u1eb1ng m\u0169i t\u00ean. Ch\u00fang cho th\u1ea5y h\u01b0\u1edbng di chuy\u1ec3n d\u1eef li\u1ec7u gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c quy tr\u00ecnh, kho d\u1eef li\u1ec7u v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3. M\u1ed7i lu\u1ed3ng ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 t\u00ean c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 n\u1ed9i dung, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 \u201cH\u00f3a \u0111\u01a1n\u201d ho\u1eb7c \u201cY\u00eau c\u1ea7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng\u201d.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

    C\u00e1c m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 chi ti\u1ebft c\u1ee7a s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u<\/h3>\n

    S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u c\u00f3 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac ph\u00e2n c\u1ea5p. Ch\u00fang hi\u1ebfm khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1ebd trong m\u1ed9t khung nh\u00ecn duy nh\u1ea5t. Thay v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, ch\u00fang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n t\u00edch th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 chi ti\u1ebft:<\/p>\n

      \n
    • S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh (M\u1ee9c 0):<\/strong>M\u1ee9c cao nh\u1ea5t. N\u00f3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t quy tr\u00ecnh duy nh\u1ea5t t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c v\u1edbi c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i. N\u00f3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh ranh gi\u1edbi.<\/li>\n
    • S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 m\u1ee9c 1:<\/strong>Ph\u00e2n t\u00edch quy tr\u00ecnh ch\u00ednh th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c quy tr\u00ecnh con ch\u00ednh. N\u00f3 gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u l\u1edbp \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean v\u1ec1 kho d\u1eef li\u1ec7u v\u00e0 lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u.<\/li>\n
    • M\u1ee9c 2 v\u00e0 c\u00e1c m\u1ee9c cao h\u01a1n:<\/strong>Ph\u00e2n t\u00edch s\u00e2u h\u01a1n c\u00e1c quy tr\u00ecnh con c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng chi ti\u1ebft. M\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 chi ti\u1ebft.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

      Hi\u1ec3u v\u1ec1 s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 quan h\u1ec7 th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 \ud83d\uddc3\ufe0f<\/h2>\n

      S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 quan h\u1ec7 th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac t\u0129nh c\u1ee7a d\u1eef li\u1ec7u. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u. M\u1ee5c ti\u00eau l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o t\u00ednh to\u00e0n v\u1eb9n d\u1eef li\u1ec7u, gi\u1ea3m thi\u1ec3u tr\u00f9ng l\u1eb7p v\u00e0 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c ph\u1ea7n th\u00f4ng tin kh\u00e1c nhau.<\/p>\n

      C\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 quan h\u1ec7 th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3<\/h3>\n

      S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 quan h\u1ec7 th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1ch c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 d\u1eef li\u1ec7u li\u00ean h\u1ec7 v\u1edbi nhau:<\/p>\n

        \n
      • Th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3:<\/strong>\u0110\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n b\u1eb1ng h\u00ecnh ch\u1eef nh\u1eadt. M\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng ho\u1eb7c kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m trong th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi th\u1ef1c m\u00e0 d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u01b0u tr\u1eef. C\u00e1c v\u00ed d\u1ee5 bao g\u1ed3m \u201cKh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng\u201d, \u201cS\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m\u201d ho\u1eb7c \u201c\u0110\u01a1n h\u00e0ng\u201d.<\/li>\n
      • Thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh:<\/strong>\u0110\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n b\u1eb1ng h\u00ecnh elip ho\u1eb7c li\u1ec7t k\u00ea b\u00ean trong h\u00ecnh ch\u1eef nh\u1eadt th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3. Ch\u00fang m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 c\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3. V\u1edbi th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 \u201cKh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng\u201d, c\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 bao g\u1ed3m \u201cT\u00ean\u201d, \u201c\u0110\u1ecba ch\u1ec9\u201d v\u00e0 \u201cS\u1ed1 \u0111i\u1ec7n tho\u1ea1i\u201d.<\/li>\n
      • M\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7:<\/strong>\u0110\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c h\u00ecnh kim c\u01b0\u01a1ng ho\u1eb7c c\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng n\u1ed1i gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1ch c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c v\u1edbi nhau. V\u00ed d\u1ee5, m\u1ed9t Kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng \u201c\u0110\u1eb7t\u201d m\u1ed9t \u0110\u01a1n h\u00e0ng.<\/li>\n
      • S\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng:<\/strong>X\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7. C\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i m\u1ed9t-m\u1ed9t? M\u1ed9t-nhi\u1ec1u? Nhi\u1ec1u-nhi\u1ec1u? \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1c r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac c\u1ee7a c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

        Chu\u1ea9n h\u00f3a trong thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 quan h\u1ec7 th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3<\/h3>\n

        Trong khi DFD th\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn chu\u1ea9n h\u00f3a, th\u00ec ERD l\u1ea1i g\u1eafn b\u00f3 s\u00e2u s\u1eafc v\u1edbi n\u00f3. Qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf bao g\u1ed3m vi\u1ec7c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3m thi\u1ec3u s\u1ef1 tr\u00f9ng l\u1eb7p. M\u1ed9t ERD ph\u1ea3i ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh c\u00e1c quy t\u1eafc c\u1ee7a D\u1ea1ng chu\u1ea9n th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t, D\u1ea1ng chu\u1ea9n th\u1ee9 hai, v.v. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng. Vi\u1ec7c kh\u00f4ng chu\u1ea9n h\u00f3a c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac d\u1eef li\u1ec7u th\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c b\u1ea5t th\u01b0\u1eddng khi c\u1eadp nh\u1eadt, n\u01a1i thay \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n th\u00f4ng tin y\u00eau c\u1ea7u ch\u1ec9nh s\u1eeda \u1edf nhi\u1ec1u n\u01a1i kh\u00e1c nhau.<\/p>\n

        So s\u00e1nh c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac: DFD so v\u1edbi ERD \ud83d\udcca<\/h2>\n

        \u0110\u1ec3 l\u00e0m r\u00f5 s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t, ch\u00fang ta so s\u00e1nh hai m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh tr\u00ean nhi\u1ec1u kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh kh\u00e1c nhau. B\u1ea3ng n\u00e0y nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n h\u00f3a ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng gi\u1eefa lu\u1ed3ng x\u1eed l\u00fd v\u00e0 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac d\u1eef li\u1ec7u.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
        T\u00ednh n\u0103ng<\/strong><\/th>\nS\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u (DFD)<\/strong><\/th>\nS\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 quan h\u1ec7 th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 (ERD)<\/strong><\/th>\n<\/tr>\n
        Tr\u1ecdng t\u00e2m ch\u00ednh<\/strong><\/td>\nQuy tr\u00ecnh v\u00e0 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/td>\nC\u1ea5u tr\u00fac v\u00e0 l\u01b0u tr\u1eef<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
        Th\u1eddi gian<\/strong><\/td>\n\u0110\u1ed9ng (d\u00e3y c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n)<\/td>\nT\u0129nh (b\u1ee9c \u1ea3nh d\u1eef li\u1ec7u)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
        C\u00e2u h\u1ecfi ch\u00ednh<\/strong><\/td>\nD\u1eef li\u1ec7u thay \u0111\u1ed5i nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o?<\/td>\nD\u1eef li\u1ec7u n\u00e0o t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i?<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
        \u0110\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau<\/strong><\/td>\nNh\u00e0 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch kinh doanh, Ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng<\/td>\nQu\u1ea3n tr\u1ecb vi\u00ean c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u, Nh\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
        X\u1eed l\u00fd l\u01b0u tr\u1eef<\/strong><\/td>\nC\u00e1c kho l\u01b0u tr\u1eef d\u1eef li\u1ec7u chung<\/td>\nC\u00e1c b\u1ea3ng v\u00e0 kh\u00f3a c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
        Bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n logic<\/strong><\/td>\nChuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i v\u00e0 logic<\/td>\nR\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c v\u00e0 quy t\u1eafc<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/table>\n

        Khi n\u00e0o tri\u1ec3n khai t\u1eebng s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 \ud83d\udcc5<\/h2>\n

        Vi\u1ec7c ch\u1ecdn c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o giai \u0111o\u1ea1n v\u00f2ng \u0111\u1eddi d\u1ef1 \u00e1n. S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ERD \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch quy tr\u00ecnh kinh doanh cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi li\u00ean quan s\u1ebd khi\u1ebfn h\u1ecd b\u1ed1i r\u1ed1i. S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 DFD \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 b\u1ea3ng cho nh\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n s\u1ebd l\u00e0m h\u1ecd th\u1ea5t v\u1ecdng. D\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch c\u00e1c t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng t\u1ed1i \u01b0u.<\/p>\n

        S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng DFD Khi:<\/h3>\n
          \n
        • X\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh ph\u1ea1m vi h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng:<\/strong> B\u1ea1n c\u1ea7n hi\u1ec3n th\u1ecb nh\u1eefng g\u00ec n\u1eb1m b\u00ean trong h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng so v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng g\u00ec n\u1eb1m b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i.<\/li>\n
        • Ph\u00e2n t\u00edch logic kinh doanh:<\/strong> B\u1ea1n c\u1ea7n theo d\u00f5i c\u00e1ch m\u1ed9t y\u00eau c\u1ea7u di chuy\u1ec3n t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3n ghi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u01b0u tr\u1eef.<\/li>\n
        • X\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111i\u1ec3m ngh\u1ebdn:<\/strong> B\u1ea1n c\u1ea7n th\u1ea5y n\u01a1i d\u1eef li\u1ec7u t\u00edch t\u1ee5 ho\u1eb7c n\u01a1i c\u00e1c quy tr\u00ecnh b\u1ecb \u0111\u00ecnh tr\u1ec7.<\/li>\n
        • Giao ti\u1ebfp v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi li\u00ean quan:<\/strong> Ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng kh\u00f4ng chuy\u00ean hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 h\u01a1n v\u1ec1 lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u so v\u1edbi b\u1ea3ng.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

          S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ERD Khi:<\/h3>\n
            \n
          • Thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u:<\/strong> B\u1ea1n \u0111ang thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp l\u1edbp l\u01b0u tr\u1eef v\u1eadt l\u00fd ho\u1eb7c logic.<\/li>\n
          • \u0110\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o t\u00ednh to\u00e0n v\u1eb9n d\u1eef li\u1ec7u:<\/strong> B\u1ea1n c\u1ea7n x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh kh\u00f3a ch\u00ednh, kh\u00f3a ngo\u1ea1i v\u00e0 c\u00e1c r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c.<\/li>\n
          • L\u00ean k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng:<\/strong> B\u1ea1n c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh d\u1eef li\u1ec7u h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n trong t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng g\u00e2y tr\u00f9ng l\u1eb7p.<\/li>\n
          • T\u00e0i li\u1ec7u API:<\/strong> B\u1ea1n c\u1ea7n x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3 s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng khai cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

            X\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ea7u \ud83d\udee0\ufe0f<\/h2>\n

            Vi\u1ec7c t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 DFD m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi c\u00e1ch ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn c\u00f3 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng. Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u00e1ch t\u1eaft n\u00e0o trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y n\u1ebfu m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c. H\u00e3y tu\u00e2n theo c\u00e1c b\u01b0\u1edbc sau \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng m\u1ed9t m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e1ng tin c\u1eady.<\/p>\n

            B\u01b0\u1edbc 1: X\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh ranh gi\u1edbi<\/h3>\n

            B\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh ranh gi\u1edbi h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng. Nh\u1eefng g\u00ec n\u1eb1m trong ph\u1ea1m vi? Nh\u1eefng g\u00ec n\u1eb1m ngo\u00e0i? V\u1ebd m\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh ch\u1eef nh\u1eadt bao quanh h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng. T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec b\u00ean trong l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng; t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i.<\/p>\n

            B\u01b0\u1edbc 2: B\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed3 c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i<\/h3>\n

            Li\u1ec7t k\u00ea t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi, ph\u00f2ng ban ho\u1eb7c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c v\u1edbi d\u1ef1 \u00e1n c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n. V\u1ebd ch\u00fang b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i ranh gi\u1edbi. \u0110\u00e1nh d\u1ea5u ch\u00fang m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng.<\/p>\n

            B\u01b0\u1edbc 3: X\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1c quy tr\u00ecnh ch\u00ednh<\/h3>\n

            X\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1c ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng. Nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c h\u00ecnh tr\u00f2n trong s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3. V\u00ed d\u1ee5, n\u1ebfu x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n, c\u00e1c quy tr\u00ecnh c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 bao g\u1ed3m \u201cC\u1ea5p ph\u00e1t s\u00e1ch\u201d v\u00e0 \u201cTr\u1ea3 s\u00e1ch\u201d.<\/p>\n

            B\u01b0\u1edbc 4: K\u1ebft n\u1ed1i v\u1edbi lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u<\/h3>\n

            V\u1ebd c\u00e1c m\u0169i t\u00ean k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 v\u1edbi c\u00e1c quy tr\u00ecnh v\u00e0 c\u00e1c quy tr\u00ecnh v\u1edbi c\u00e1c kho d\u1eef li\u1ec7u. \u0110\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o m\u1ed7i m\u0169i t\u00ean \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 nh\u00e3n. M\u1ed9t lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 t\u00ean l\u00e0 v\u00f4 ngh\u0129a. \u0110\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o d\u1eef li\u1ec7u kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ea3y tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 sang th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 kh\u00e1c m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u0111i qua m\u1ed9t quy tr\u00ecnh.<\/p>\n

            B\u01b0\u1edbc 5: X\u00e1c minh b\u1ea3o to\u00e0n<\/h3>\n

            Ki\u1ec3m tra t\u00ednh b\u1ea3o to\u00e0n d\u1eef li\u1ec7u. N\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ea7u ra d\u1eef li\u1ec7u, d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eeb \u0111\u00e2u \u0111\u00f3. N\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o, d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e2u \u0111\u00f3. Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 d\u1eef li\u1ec7u n\u00e0o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebfn m\u1ea5t hay xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch v\u00f4 l\u00fd.<\/p>\n

            X\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 quan h\u1ec7 th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ea7u \ud83c\udfd7\ufe0f<\/h2>\n

            S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 quan h\u1ec7 th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 (ERD) \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi s\u1ef1 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c v\u1ec1 m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 v\u00e0 kh\u00f3a. C\u1ea5u tr\u00fac quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9 tin c\u1eady c\u1ee7a \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng.<\/p>\n

            B\u01b0\u1edbc 1: X\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3<\/h3>\n

            Duy\u1ec7t qua c\u00e1c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00ecm c\u00e1c danh t\u1eeb. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 ti\u1ec1m n\u0103ng. Lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf c\u00e1c danh t\u1eeb m\u01a1 h\u1ed3. Ch\u1ec9 gi\u1eef l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng danh t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb. V\u00ed d\u1ee5, trong h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng b\u1ec7nh vi\u1ec7n, \u201cB\u1ec7nh nh\u00e2n\u201d v\u00e0 \u201cB\u00e1c s\u0129\u201d l\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3. \u201c\u0110i\u1ec1u tr\u1ecb\u201d c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 ho\u1eb7c m\u1ed9t m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7, t\u00f9y thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p.<\/p>\n

            B\u01b0\u1edbc 2: X\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh<\/h3>\n

            Li\u1ec7t k\u00ea c\u00e1c chi ti\u1ebft c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 cho t\u1eebng th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3. X\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh n\u00e0o l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecbnh danh duy nh\u1ea5t (kh\u00f3a ch\u00ednh). V\u1edbi th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 \u201cB\u1ec7nh nh\u00e2n\u201d, \u201cM\u00e3 b\u1ec7nh nh\u00e2n\u201d l\u00e0 kh\u00f3a ch\u00ednh. \u201cT\u00ean\u201d l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh. \u0110\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o c\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean t\u1eed; kh\u00f4ng l\u01b0u \u201c\u0110\u1ecba ch\u1ec9\u201d d\u01b0\u1edbi d\u1ea1ng m\u1ed9t tr\u01b0\u1eddng duy nh\u1ea5t n\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n c\u1ea7n truy v\u1ea5n theo th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1.<\/p>\n

            B\u01b0\u1edbc 3: Thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7<\/h3>\n

            X\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1ch c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nhau. M\u1ed9t b\u1ec7nh nh\u00e2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec1u tr\u1ecb b\u1edfi m\u1ed9t b\u00e1c s\u0129. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7. X\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u00ednh b\u1ed9i s\u1ed1. M\u1ed9t b\u00e1c s\u0129 c\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec1u tr\u1ecb nhi\u1ec1u b\u1ec7nh nh\u00e2n kh\u00f4ng? C\u00f3. M\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 n\u00e0y c\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u-\u0111a kh\u00f4ng? C\u00f3. M\u1ed9t b\u1ec7nh nh\u00e2n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u b\u00e1c s\u0129 kh\u00f4ng? C\u00f3.<\/p>\n

            B\u01b0\u1edbc 4: Gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 nhi\u1ec1u-\u0111a<\/h3>\n

            C\u00e1c c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 l\u01b0u tr\u1eef tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 nhi\u1ec1u-\u0111a. N\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t sinh vi\u00ean c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tham gia nhi\u1ec1u kh\u00f3a h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t kh\u00f3a h\u1ecdc c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u sinh vi\u00ean, b\u1ea1n ph\u1ea3i t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 ph\u1ee5 tr\u1ee3 (th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 b\u1ea3ng li\u00ean k\u1ebft). \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y chia m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 th\u00e0nh hai m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 m\u1ed9t-\u0111a.<\/p>\n

            B\u01b0\u1edbc 5: Xem x\u00e9t c\u00e1c d\u1ea1ng chu\u1ea9n h\u00f3a<\/h3>\n

            \u00c1p d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c quy t\u1eafc chu\u1ea9n h\u00f3a. \u0110\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i kh\u00f3a ch\u1ec9 ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o kh\u00f3a ch\u00ednh. N\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a kh\u00f3a, h\u00e3y di chuy\u1ec3n n\u00f3 sang m\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 m\u1edbi. B\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y gi\u00fap ng\u0103n ng\u1eeba c\u00e1c l\u1ed7i d\u1eef li\u1ec7u.<\/p>\n

            Nh\u1eefng sai l\u1ea7m ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn c\u1ea7n tr\u00e1nh \u26a0\ufe0f<\/h2>\n

            Ngay c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac s\u01b0 c\u00f3 kinh nghi\u1ec7m c\u0169ng m\u1eafc sai l\u1ea7m khi m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a. Nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng l\u1ed7i ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn s\u1ebd gi\u00fap duy tr\u00ec t\u00ednh to\u00e0n v\u1eb9n c\u1ee7a thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf.<\/p>\n

            Nh\u1eefng sai l\u1ea7m trong s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u (DFD)<\/h3>\n
              \n
            • Lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3:<\/strong>D\u1eef li\u1ec7u lu\u00f4n ph\u1ea3i \u0111i qua m\u1ed9t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh. C\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1eb3ng tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i cho th\u1ea5y s\u1ef1 thi\u1ebfu ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng.<\/li>\n
            • H\u1ed1 \u0111en:<\/strong>M\u1ed9t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea7u ra. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y l\u00e0 v\u00f4 l\u00fd trong m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng.<\/li>\n
            • H\u1ed1 x\u00e1m:<\/strong>M\u1ed9t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o nh\u01b0ng ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea7u ra, ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u1ea7u ra kh\u00f4ng ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi y\u00eau c\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o.<\/li>\n
            • Lu\u1ed3ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi nh\u00e3n:<\/strong>M\u1ed9t m\u0169i t\u00ean kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 t\u00ean kh\u00f4ng cung c\u1ea5p b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 th\u00f4ng tin n\u00e0o v\u1ec1 n\u1ed9i dung \u0111ang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chuy\u1ec3n giao.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

              Nh\u1eefng sai l\u1ea7m trong s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 quan h\u1ec7 th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 (ERD)<\/h3>\n
                \n
              • Thi\u1ebfu t\u00ednh b\u1ed9i s\u1ed1:<\/strong>Kh\u00f4ng x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u00f5 m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t-\u0111\u1ed1i-m\u1ed9t hay m\u1ed9t-\u0111a d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 m\u01a1 h\u1ed3 trong tri\u1ec3n khai m\u00e3 ngu\u1ed3n.<\/li>\n
              • C\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 d\u01b0 th\u1eeba:<\/strong>T\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 tr\u00f9ng l\u1eb7p v\u1edbi c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 kh\u00e1c, d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 kh\u00f4ng nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n d\u1eef li\u1ec7u.<\/li>\n
              • B\u1ecf qua c\u00e1c gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb null:<\/strong> Kh\u00f4ng quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c li\u1ec7u m\u1ed9t thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 r\u1ed7ng hay kh\u00f4ng. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u v\u00e0 logic \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng.<\/li>\n
              • Qu\u00e1 chu\u1ea9n h\u00f3a:<\/strong>Chia d\u1eef li\u1ec7u th\u00e0nh qu\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u b\u1ea3ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m cho truy v\u1ea5n tr\u1edf n\u00ean ch\u1eadm v\u00e0 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p. C\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng l\u00e0 ch\u00eca kh\u00f3a.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                T\u00edch h\u1ee3p c\u1ea3 hai trong ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \ud83c\udfd7\ufe0f<\/h2>\n

                M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 DFD v\u00e0 ERD l\u00e0 kh\u00e1c nhau, ch\u00fang kh\u00f4ng lo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb nhau. M\u1ed9t thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u1ea3 hai c\u00f9ng l\u00fac. DFD m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 h\u00e0nh tr\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a d\u1eef li\u1ec7u, trong khi ERD m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u1ebfn v\u00e0 n\u01a1i l\u01b0u tr\u1eef d\u1eef li\u1ec7u.<\/p>\n

                Quy tr\u00ecnh t\u00edch h\u1ee3p<\/h3>\n

                Trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n y\u00eau c\u1ea7u, h\u00e3y b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u b\u1eb1ng s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y t\u1ea1o n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng. Khi b\u1ea1n ph\u00e2n t\u00edch h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng, b\u1ea1n s\u1ebd x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c kho d\u1eef li\u1ec7u. Nh\u1eefng kho d\u1eef li\u1ec7u n\u00e0y cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng s\u1ebd tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 trong s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ERD c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n. C\u00e1c lu\u1ed3ng trong DFD s\u1ebd tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh kh\u00f3a ngo\u1ea1i v\u00e0 m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 trong ERD.<\/p>\n

                V\u00ed d\u1ee5, n\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t DFD hi\u1ec3n th\u1ecb m\u1ed9t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh “C\u1eadp nh\u1eadt h\u1ed3 s\u01a1” di chuy\u1ec3n d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t kho “Th\u00f4ng tin ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng”, th\u00ec ERD ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a m\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 “Ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng” v\u1edbi c\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi kho \u0111\u00f3. M\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh v\u00e0 kho trong DFD s\u1ebd cung c\u1ea5p th\u00f4ng tin v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ecdc\/ghi v\u00e0 logic giao d\u1ecbch trong ERD.<\/p>\n

                T\u00ednh nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n trong t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u<\/h3>\n

                Duy tr\u00ec t\u00ednh nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n gi\u1eefa hai s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u00e0 r\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng. N\u1ebfu DFD thay \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111\u1ec3 th\u00eam ngu\u1ed3n d\u1eef li\u1ec7u m\u1edbi, ERD ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1eadp nh\u1eadt \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh b\u1ea3ng ho\u1eb7c c\u1ed9t m\u1edbi. N\u1ebfu ERD thay \u0111\u1ed5i c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3ng, DFD ph\u1ea3i hi\u1ec3n th\u1ecb t\u00ean lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u m\u1edbi ho\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1edbi. Nh\u1eefng b\u1ea5t nh\u1ea5t \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn l\u1ed7i t\u00edch h\u1ee3p v\u00e0 m\u1ea5t d\u1eef li\u1ec7u.<\/p>\n

                C\u00e1c c\u00e2n nh\u1eafc n\u00e2ng cao cho h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i \ud83d\ude80<\/h2>\n

                M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 c\u00e1c s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 n\u00e0y b\u1eaft ngu\u1ed3n t\u1eeb th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 m\u00e1y ch\u1ee7 l\u1edbn, c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang v\u1eabn c\u00f2n ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p trong ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac microservices v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1m m\u00e2y hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n

                \u0110\u00e1m m\u00e2y v\u00e0 DFD<\/h3>\n

                Trong m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u00e1m m\u00e2y, lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111i qua c\u00e1c khu v\u1ef1c ho\u1eb7c d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 kh\u00e1c nhau. M\u1ed9t DFD ph\u1ea3i hi\u1ec3n th\u1ecb r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng c\u00e1c ranh gi\u1edbi n\u00e0y. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y gi\u00fap hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ed9 tr\u1ec5 v\u00e0 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u v\u1ec1 ch\u1ee7 quy\u1ec1n d\u1eef li\u1ec7u. V\u00ed d\u1ee5, n\u1ebfu d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111i t\u1eeb ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng \u1edf ch\u00e2u \u00c2u \u0111\u1ebfn m\u00e1y ch\u1ee7 \u1edf M\u1ef9, c\u00e1c quy \u0111\u1ecbnh tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng.<\/p>\n

                NoSQL v\u00e0 ERD<\/h3>\n

                ERD truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac quan h\u1ec7. C\u00e1c c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u NoSQL th\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u1ed3 th\u1ecb. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m c\u1ed1t l\u00f5i v\u1ec1 th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 v\u00e0 m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 v\u1eabn gi\u1eef nguy\u00ean, nh\u01b0ng c\u00e1ch tri\u1ec3n khai kh\u00e1c nhau. Trong kho t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u, “Th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3” ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u \u0111\u00f3. C\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u00fang ho\u1eb7c li\u00ean k\u1ebft th\u00f4ng qua ID thay v\u00ec kh\u00f3a ngo\u1ea1i nghi\u00eam ng\u1eb7t. ERD v\u1eabn \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 nh\u01b0 b\u1ea3n v\u1ebd s\u01a1 b\u1ed9, nh\u01b0ng c\u00e1ch k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 l\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3 c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7.<\/p>\n

                T\u00f3m t\u1eaft s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t<\/h2>\n

                S\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa hai s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 n\u00e0y n\u1eb1m \u1edf m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang. DFD l\u00e0 b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed3 c\u1ee7a chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng. N\u00f3 tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi: “D\u1eef li\u1ec7u s\u1ebd x\u1ea3y ra \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec?” ERD l\u00e0 b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed3 c\u1ee7a c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac. N\u00f3 tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi: “D\u1eef li\u1ec7u l\u00e0 g\u00ec?” C\u1ea3 hai \u0111\u1ec1u c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 b\u1ee9c tranh to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n v\u1ec1 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m. D\u1ef1a v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 kia s\u1ebd \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i kho\u1ea3ng tr\u1ed1ng trong hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn d\u1ef1 \u00e1n.<\/p>\n

                B\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch th\u00e0nh th\u1ea1o vi\u1ec7c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng v\u00e0 \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng c\u1ea3 hai m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh, b\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 m\u00e0 c\u00f2n v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc trong qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd d\u1eef li\u1ec7u. C\u00e1ch ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn k\u00e9p n\u00e0y bao qu\u00e1t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 t\u0129nh c\u1ee7a ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac th\u00f4ng tin, cung c\u1ea5p n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n cho ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u00e0 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch.<\/p>\n

                C\u00e2u h\u1ecfi th\u01b0\u1eddng g\u1eb7p<\/h2>\n

                T\u00f4i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 cho c\u1ea3 hai m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch kh\u00f4ng?<\/h3>\n

                Kh\u00f4ng. DFD kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 hi\u1ec3n th\u1ecb kh\u00f3a b\u1ea3ng ho\u1eb7c quy t\u1eafc chu\u1ea9n h\u00f3a. ERD kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 hi\u1ec3n th\u1ecb logic qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ho\u1eb7c c\u00e1c b\u01b0\u1edbc chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i d\u1eef li\u1ec7u. Ch\u00fang ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 cho c\u00e1c b\u00ean li\u00ean quan v\u00e0 giai \u0111o\u1ea1n kh\u00e1c nhau.<\/p>\n

                T\u00f4i n\u00ean t\u1ea1o c\u00e1i n\u00e0o tr\u01b0\u1edbc?<\/h3>\n

                Th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng, h\u00e3y b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u b\u1eb1ng DFD. B\u1ea1n c\u1ea7n hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 c\u00e1c qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi bi\u1ebft d\u1eef li\u1ec7u n\u00e0o c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u01b0u tr\u1eef. Khi c\u00e1c kho d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh trong DFD, b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng ch\u00fang th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t ERD \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7.<\/p>\n

                C\u00e1c s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 n\u00e0y c\u00f3 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1edbi ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p Agile kh\u00f4ng?<\/h3>\n

                C\u00f3. Trong Agile, c\u00e1c s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 n\u00e0y th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o ngay khi c\u1ea7n cho c\u00e1c c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3, thay v\u00ec l\u00e0 t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u l\u1edbn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ea7u. Ch\u00fang \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 l\u00e0 t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u s\u1ed1ng, thay \u0111\u1ed5i c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

                Trong ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng th\u00f4ng tin, s\u1ef1 r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3ng ti\u1ec1n. Hai c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c ph\u00e2n t\u00edch h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf c\u01a1…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":1755,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_title":"S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u so v\u1edbi s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 quan h\u1ec7 th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3: Nh\u1eefng kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t ch\u00ednh","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"Kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 nh\u1eefng kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t c\u1ed1t l\u00f5i gi\u1eefa S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u (DFD) v\u00e0 S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 quan h\u1ec7 th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 (ERD). 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