{"id":1714,"date":"2026-04-10T03:47:41","date_gmt":"2026-04-10T03:47:41","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.viz-note.com\/vi\/normalized-vs-denormalized-erd-read-heavy-workloads\/"},"modified":"2026-04-10T03:47:41","modified_gmt":"2026-04-10T03:47:41","slug":"normalized-vs-denormalized-erd-read-heavy-workloads","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.viz-note.com\/vi\/normalized-vs-denormalized-erd-read-heavy-workloads\/","title":{"rendered":"So s\u00e1nh: Chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ed3 quan h\u1ec7 th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chu\u1ea9n h\u00f3a v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng chu\u1ea9n h\u00f3a cho c\u00e1c t\u00e1c v\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ecdc n\u1eb7ng"},"content":{"rendered":"

Thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf m\u1ed9t ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac d\u1eef li\u1ec7u v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi s\u1ef1 c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c \u01b0u ti\u00ean m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn. T\u00ednh to\u00e0n v\u1eb9n, hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t v\u00e0 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng b\u1ea3o tr\u00ec th\u01b0\u1eddng k\u00e9o theo c\u00e1c h\u01b0\u1edbng kh\u00e1c nhau. Khi h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng chuy\u1ec3n tr\u1ecdng t\u00e2m sang c\u00e1c thao t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecdc n\u1eb7ng, c\u00e1c quy t\u1eafc truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng v\u1ec1 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf l\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3 s\u1ebd ch\u1ecbu \u00e1p l\u1ef1c l\u1edbn. Bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ed3 quan h\u1ec7 th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 (ERD) tr\u1edf n\u00ean h\u01a1n c\u1ea3 m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3n v\u1ebd t\u0129nh; n\u00f3 \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 nh\u01b0 h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ed3ng gi\u1eefa logic \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 l\u01b0u tr\u1eef. H\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn n\u00e0y kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chu\u1ea9n h\u00f3a v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng chu\u1ea9n h\u00f3a, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t trong b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh c\u00e1c t\u00e1c v\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ecdc kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1edbn.<\/p>\n

Vi\u1ec7c l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn chu\u1ea9n h\u00f3a hay kh\u00f4ng chu\u1ea9n h\u00f3a kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn nh\u1ecb ph\u00e2n. N\u00f3 \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 chi ph\u00ed c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c sao ch\u00e9p d\u1eef li\u1ec7u so v\u1edbi chi ph\u00ed truy xu\u1ea5t d\u1eef li\u1ec7u. Trong c\u00e1c m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng m\u00e0 thao t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecdc chi\u1ebfm \u01b0u th\u1ebf trong nh\u1eadt k\u00fd giao d\u1ecbch, vi\u1ec7c gi\u1ea3m thi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c thao t\u00e1c n\u1ed1i th\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau t\u1ed1i \u01b0u h\u00f3a ch\u00ednh. Tuy nhi\u00ean, vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u01b0a v\u00e0o t\u00ednh d\u01b0 th\u1eeba s\u1ebd t\u1ea1o ra nh\u1eefng th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c m\u1edbi v\u1ec1 t\u00ednh nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n d\u1eef li\u1ec7u v\u00e0 c\u00e1c thao t\u00e1c ghi. Ch\u00fang ta c\u1ea7n ph\u00e2n t\u00edch c\u00e1c l\u1ee3i \u00edch v\u00e0 b\u1ea5t l\u1ee3i \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ecdn ra chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p.<\/p>\n

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\"Educational<\/figure>\n<\/div>\n

\ud83c\udfd7\ufe0f Hi\u1ec3u v\u1ec1 chu\u1ea9n h\u00f3a trong thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ed3 quan h\u1ec7 th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3<\/h2>\n

Chu\u1ea9n h\u00f3a l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh c\u00f3 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3m thi\u1ec3u s\u1ef1 tr\u00f9ng l\u1eb7p d\u1eef li\u1ec7u v\u00e0 c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n t\u00ednh to\u00e0n v\u1eb9n d\u1eef li\u1ec7u. N\u00f3 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh v\u00e0 b\u1ea3ng trong c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u quan h\u1ec7 nh\u1eb1m gi\u1ea3m thi\u1ec3u c\u00e1c b\u1ea5t th\u01b0\u1eddng x\u1ea3y ra trong c\u00e1c thao t\u00e1c ch\u00e8n, c\u1eadp nh\u1eadt v\u00e0 x\u00f3a. M\u1ee5c ti\u00eau l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o m\u1ed7i ph\u1ea7n d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u01b0u tr\u1eef \u1edf \u0111\u00fang m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb tr\u00ed.<\/p>\n

C\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc c\u1ed1t l\u00f5i c\u1ee7a chu\u1ea9n h\u00f3a<\/h3>\n

Khi x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ed3 quan h\u1ec7 th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3, c\u00e1c ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac s\u01b0 th\u01b0\u1eddng tu\u00e2n theo m\u1ed9t th\u1ee9 t\u1ef1 c\u00e1c quy t\u1eafc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 C\u00e1c d\u1ea1ng chu\u1ea9n h\u00f3a. M\u1ed7i d\u1ea1ng gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i tr\u00f9ng l\u1eb7p c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3.<\/p>\n

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  • D\u1ea1ng chu\u1ea9n h\u00f3a th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t (1NF):<\/strong> \u0110\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o r\u1eb1ng m\u1ed7i c\u1ed9t ch\u1ee9a c\u00e1c gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb nguy\u00ean t\u1eed v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 nh\u00f3m l\u1eb7p l\u1ea1i. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp m\u1ed9t c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac ph\u1eb3ng cho c\u00e1c h\u00e0ng.<\/li>\n
  • D\u1ea1ng chu\u1ea9n h\u00f3a th\u1ee9 hai (2NF):<\/strong> X\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng tr\u00ean 1NF b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf c\u00e1c ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c ri\u00eang ph\u1ea7n. C\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh ph\u1ea3i ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 kh\u00f3a ch\u00ednh, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a n\u00f3.<\/li>\n
  • D\u1ea1ng chu\u1ea9n h\u00f3a th\u1ee9 ba (3NF):<\/strong> Lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf c\u00e1c ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c b\u1eafc c\u1ea7u. C\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i kh\u00f3a ph\u1ea3i ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c duy nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0o kh\u00f3a ch\u00ednh, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o c\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i kh\u00f3a kh\u00e1c.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

    Trong m\u1ed9t bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ed3 quan h\u1ec7 th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chu\u1ea9n h\u00f3a cao, c\u00e1c b\u1ea3ng mang t\u00ednh chi ti\u1ebft cao. B\u1ea3ng kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t v\u1edbi b\u1ea3ng \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ec9, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c li\u00ean k\u1ebft th\u00f4ng qua kh\u00f3a ngo\u1ea1i. B\u1ea3ng \u0111\u01a1n h\u00e0ng tham chi\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ebfn kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng, v\u00e0 b\u1ea3ng chi ti\u1ebft \u0111\u01a1n h\u00e0ng tham chi\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u01a1n h\u00e0ng. C\u1ea5u tr\u00fac n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o r\u1eb1ng n\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ec9, vi\u1ec7c c\u1eadp nh\u1eadt s\u1ebd x\u1ea3y ra t\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb tr\u00ed v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9ng lan truy\u1ec1n.<\/p>\n

    L\u1ee3i th\u1ebf c\u1ee7a l\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chu\u1ea9n h\u00f3a<\/h3>\n
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    • T\u00ednh to\u00e0n v\u1eb9n d\u1eef li\u1ec7u:<\/strong>Ngu\u1ed3n th\u00f4ng tin duy nh\u1ea5t gi\u00fap gi\u1ea3m nguy c\u01a1 th\u00f4ng tin m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn.<\/li>\n
    • Hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 l\u01b0u tr\u1eef:<\/strong>\u00cdt d\u1eef li\u1ec7u tr\u00f9ng l\u1eb7p h\u01a1n ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u nh\u1ecf h\u01a1n.<\/li>\n
    • Hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t ghi:<\/strong>C\u00e1c thao t\u00e1c ch\u00e8n, c\u1eadp nh\u1eadt v\u00e0 x\u00f3a th\u01b0\u1eddng nhanh h\u01a1n v\u00ec \u00edt h\u00e0ng h\u01a1n c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thao t\u00e1c tr\u00ean nhi\u1ec1u b\u1ea3ng.<\/li>\n
    • Kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng b\u1ea3o tr\u00ec:<\/strong>C\u00e1c thay \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n \u1edf m\u1ed9t khu v\u1ef1c. Vi\u1ec7c th\u00eam m\u1ed9t thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh m\u1edbi cho m\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng y\u00eau c\u1ea7u thay \u0111\u1ed5i lan truy\u1ec1n sang c\u00e1c b\u1ea3ng kh\u00f4ng li\u00ean quan.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

      Nh\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ecdc n\u1eb7ng<\/h3>\n

      M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 chu\u1ea9n h\u00f3a t\u1ecf ra v\u01b0\u1ee3t tr\u1ed9i trong c\u00e1c m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng ghi n\u1eb7ng ho\u1eb7c h\u1ed7n h\u1ee3p, nh\u01b0ng n\u00f3 l\u1ea1i g\u00e2y kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n cho c\u00e1c thao t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecdc. M\u1ed7i thao t\u00e1c n\u1ed1i c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3n ghi ho\u00e0n ch\u1ec9nh \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho m\u1ed9t thao t\u00e1c v\u1eadt l\u00fd tr\u00ean \u0111\u0129a ho\u1eb7c b\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ec7m b\u1ed9 nh\u1edb. Trong c\u00e1c t\u00e1c v\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ecdc n\u1eb7ng, h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u1ea7n truy xu\u1ea5t d\u1eef li\u1ec7u t\u1eeb n\u0103m ho\u1eb7c s\u00e1u b\u1ea3ng kh\u00e1c nhau \u0111\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3n th\u1ecb m\u1ed9t giao di\u1ec7n b\u1ea3ng \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n duy nh\u1ea5t.<\/p>\n

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      • Chi ph\u00ed thao t\u00e1c n\u1ed1i:<\/strong> B\u1ed9 x\u1eed l\u00fd truy v\u1ea5n ph\u1ea3i kh\u1edbp c\u00e1c kh\u00f3a gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c b\u1ea3ng. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y ti\u00eau t\u1ed1n v\u00f2ng x\u1eed l\u00fd CPU v\u00e0 b\u0103ng th\u00f4ng b\u1ed9 nh\u1edb.<\/li>\n
      • Thao t\u00e1c I\/O:<\/strong> N\u1ebfu c\u00e1c b\u1ea3ng l\u1edbn, \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 l\u01b0u tr\u1eef ph\u1ea3i th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n nhi\u1ec1u thao t\u00e1c t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm \u0111\u1ec3 truy xu\u1ea5t d\u1eef li\u1ec7u li\u00ean quan.<\/li>\n
      • \u0110\u1ed9 tr\u1ec5:<\/strong> Th\u1eddi gian t\u00edch l\u0169y t\u1eeb nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ea7n truy v\u1ea5n l\u00e0m t\u0103ng th\u1eddi gian ph\u1ea3n h\u1ed3i cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng cu\u1ed1i.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

        \ud83d\udd17 C\u00e1ch ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn thay \u0111\u1ed5i chu\u1ea9n h\u00f3a<\/h2>\n

        Vi\u1ec7c thay \u0111\u1ed5i chu\u1ea9n h\u00f3a l\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c ch\u1ee7 \u00fd \u0111\u01b0a s\u1ef1 tr\u00f9ng l\u1eb7p v\u00e0o thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u. M\u1ee5c ti\u00eau l\u00e0 t\u1ed1i \u01b0u h\u00f3a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng cho hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecdc b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch gi\u1ea3m s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ph\u00e9p n\u1ed1i c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft. Trong s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 quan h\u1ec7 th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n d\u01b0\u1edbi d\u1ea1ng c\u00e1c c\u1ed9t sao ch\u00e9p d\u1eef li\u1ec7u t\u1eeb c\u00e1c b\u1ea3ng kh\u00e1c ho\u1eb7c c\u00e1c b\u1ea3ng r\u1ed9ng h\u01a1n t\u00edch h\u1ee3p th\u00f4ng tin li\u00ean quan.<\/p>\n

        C\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c thay \u0111\u1ed5i chu\u1ea9n h\u00f3a<\/h3>\n

        Thay v\u00ec l\u01b0u kh\u00f3a ngo\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ec3 truy v\u1ea5n t\u00ean kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng, m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3ng \u0111\u01a1n h\u00e0ng kh\u00f4ng chu\u1ea9n h\u00f3a c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u01b0u t\u00ean kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp. N\u1ebfu kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng thay \u0111\u1ed5i t\u00ean, b\u1ea3n ghi \u0111\u01a1n h\u00e0ng ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1eadp nh\u1eadt ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u00e1nh d\u1ea5u, ho\u1eb7c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng b\u1ea3n ghi \u0111\u01a1n h\u00e0ng ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh t\u00ean t\u1ea1i th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m mua h\u00e0ng.<\/p>\n

        Chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00e0y chuy\u1ec3n s\u1ef1 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p t\u1eeb \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ecdc sang \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1eabn ghi. H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng hi\u1ec7n ph\u1ea3i x\u1eed l\u00fd logic c\u1eadp nh\u1eadt c\u00e1c b\u1ea3n sao tr\u00f9ng l\u1eb7p c\u1ee7a d\u1eef li\u1ec7u.<\/p>\n

        L\u1ee3i \u00edch \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c t\u1ea3i c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ecdc n\u1eb7ng<\/h3>\n
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        • Th\u1ef1c thi truy v\u1ea5n nhanh h\u01a1n:<\/strong>\u00cdt ph\u00e9p n\u1ed1i h\u01a1n ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 \u00edt chi ph\u00ed t\u00ednh to\u00e1n h\u01a1n.<\/li>\n
        • Gi\u1ea3m I\/O:<\/strong>Nhi\u1ec1u d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c truy xu\u1ea5t trong m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n qu\u00e9t b\u1ea3ng thay v\u00ec nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ea7n truy v\u1ea5n.<\/li>\n
        • Truy v\u1ea5n \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n h\u01a1n:<\/strong>M\u00e3 \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng y\u00eau c\u1ea7u \u00edt logic h\u01a1n \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3.<\/li>\n
        • Hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 b\u1ed9 nh\u1edb \u0111\u1ec7m:<\/strong>C\u00e1c c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac ph\u1eb3ng th\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec7m hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 trong b\u1ed9 nh\u1edb h\u01a1n.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

          R\u1ee7i ro v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec3m b\u1ea5t l\u1ee3i<\/h3>\n

          Chi ph\u00ed ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c thay \u0111\u1ed5i chu\u1ea9n h\u00f3a l\u00e0 t\u00ednh nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n d\u1eef li\u1ec7u. N\u1ebfu d\u1eef li\u1ec7u ngu\u1ed3n thay \u0111\u1ed5i, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c b\u1ea3n sao tr\u00f9ng l\u1eb7p ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1eadp nh\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi. Vi\u1ec7c kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m nh\u01b0 v\u1eady s\u1ebd d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn d\u1eef li\u1ec7u l\u1ed7i th\u1eddi.<\/p>\n

            \n
          • S\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t th\u01b0\u1eddng khi c\u1eadp nh\u1eadt:<\/strong>Vi\u1ec7c c\u1eadp nh\u1eadt t\u00ean kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi ph\u1ea3i t\u00ecm v\u00e0 thay \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1ecdi b\u1ea3n ghi \u0111\u01a1n h\u00e0ng tham chi\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ebfn kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng \u0111\u00f3.<\/li>\n
          • D\u1eef li\u1ec7u d\u01b0 th\u1eeba:<\/strong>Sao ch\u00e9p d\u1eef li\u1ec7u l\u00e0m t\u0103ng t\u1ed5ng k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u.<\/li>\n
          • \u0110\u1ed9 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p trong thao t\u00e1c ghi:<\/strong>C\u00e1c giao d\u1ecbch ghi tr\u1edf n\u00ean ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p h\u01a1n, th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi nhi\u1ec1u kh\u00f3a h\u01a1n ho\u1eb7c th\u1eddi gian giao d\u1ecbch d\u00e0i h\u01a1n.<\/li>\n
          • T\u00ednh c\u1ee9ng nh\u1eafc c\u1ee7a l\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3:<\/strong>Vi\u1ec7c th\u00eam m\u1ed9t tr\u01b0\u1eddng m\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi c\u1eadp nh\u1eadt nhi\u1ec1u b\u1ea3ng thay v\u00ec ch\u1ec9 m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3ng.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

            \ud83d\udcc8 Ph\u00e2n t\u00edch \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m t\u1ea3i c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ecdc n\u1eb7ng<\/h2>\n

            \u0110\u1ec3 ch\u1ecdn chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn, c\u1ea7n hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a t\u1ea3i c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c. C\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ecdc n\u1eb7ng kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 so v\u1edbi c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng giao d\u1ecbch n\u01a1i thao t\u00e1c ghi di\u1ec5n ra th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean v\u00e0 quan tr\u1ecdng.<\/p>\n

            M\u1eabu truy v\u1ea5n<\/h3>\n

            \u1ee8ng d\u1ee5ng th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c truy v\u1ea5n ph\u00e2n t\u00edch ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p hay c\u00e1c truy v\u1ea5n \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n? C\u00e1c truy v\u1ea5n ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p d\u1eef li\u1ec7u tr\u00ean nhi\u1ec1u b\u1ea3ng s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ee3i t\u1eeb vi\u1ec7c thay \u0111\u1ed5i chu\u1ea9n h\u00f3a. C\u00e1c truy v\u1ea5n \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n theo ID c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ee7 t\u1ed1t v\u1edbi chu\u1ea9n h\u00f3a n\u1ebfu ch\u1ec9 m\u1ee5c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed1i \u01b0u h\u00f3a t\u1ed1t.<\/p>\n

              \n
            • Truy v\u1ea5n \u0111i\u1ec3m:<\/strong> Truy xu\u1ea5t m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3n ghi duy nh\u1ea5t theo ID.<\/li>\n
            • Truy v\u1ea5n kho\u1ea3ng:<\/strong> Truy xu\u1ea5t m\u1ed9t t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p c\u00e1c b\u1ea3n ghi trong kho\u1ea3ng ng\u00e0y nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh.<\/li>\n
            • T\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p:<\/strong> T\u00ednh to\u00e1n t\u1ed5ng c\u1ed9ng, trung b\u00ecnh ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u1ebfm tr\u00ean c\u00e1c t\u1eadp d\u1eef li\u1ec7u l\u1edbn.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

              Y\u00eau c\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ed9 tr\u1ec5<\/h3>\n

              C\u00e1c n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng giao d\u1ecbch t\u1ea7n su\u1ea5t cao ho\u1eb7c b\u1ea3ng \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n th\u1eddi gian th\u1ef1c kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ch\u1ecbu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed9 tr\u1ec5 do c\u00e1c ph\u00e9p n\u1ed1i ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p g\u00e2y ra. Trong c\u00e1c t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng n\u00e0y, vi\u1ec7c lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf chu\u1ea9n h\u00f3a th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn. Ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, n\u1ebfu \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9 tr\u1ec5 v\u00e0i tr\u0103m mili gi\u00e2y, th\u00ec chu\u1ea9n h\u00f3a c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ee7 d\u00f9ng n\u1ebfu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1eadp ch\u1ec9 m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00fang c\u00e1ch.<\/p>\n

              M\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 dung th\u1ee9 v\u1ec1 t\u00ednh nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n d\u1eef li\u1ec7u<\/h3>\n

              Li\u1ec7u s\u1ef1 nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n t\u1ee9c th\u00ec c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u kh\u00f4ng? N\u1ebfu h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn s\u1ef1 nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng, vi\u1ec7c lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf chu\u1ea9n h\u00f3a s\u1ebd an to\u00e0n h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u. C\u00e1c b\u1ea3n sao \u0111\u1ecdc ho\u1eb7c c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf c\u1eadp nh\u1eadt b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1ed9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 x\u1eed l\u00fd vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1ed9 h\u00f3a d\u1eef li\u1ec7u tr\u00f9ng l\u1eb7p m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m ch\u1eb7n c\u00e1c thao t\u00e1c ghi.<\/p>\n

              \ud83d\udccb B\u1ea3ng so s\u00e1nh chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c<\/h2>\n

              B\u1ea3ng sau t\u00f3m t\u1eaft nh\u1eefng kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t ch\u00ednh gi\u1eefa hai ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p trong b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
              T\u00ednh n\u0103ng<\/th>\nL\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3 chu\u1ea9n h\u00f3a<\/th>\nL\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3 kh\u00f4ng chu\u1ea9n h\u00f3a<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n
              To\u00e0n v\u1eb9n d\u1eef li\u1ec7u<\/strong><\/td>\nCao (Ngu\u1ed3n d\u1eef li\u1ec7u duy nh\u1ea5t)<\/td>\nTh\u1ea5p h\u01a1n (Y\u00eau c\u1ea7u logic \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1ed9)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
              Hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecdc<\/strong><\/td>\nKh\u00e1c nhau (Ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o c\u00e1c ph\u00e9p n\u1ed1i)<\/td>\nCao (\u00cdt ph\u00e9p n\u1ed1i h\u01a1n)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
              Hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t ghi<\/strong><\/td>\nCao (T\u1ed1i thi\u1ec3u h\u00f3a tr\u00f9ng l\u1eb7p)<\/td>\nTh\u1ea5p h\u01a1n (C\u1eadp nh\u1eadt nhi\u1ec1u h\u00e0ng)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
              S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng b\u1ed9 nh\u1edb<\/strong><\/td>\nHi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3<\/td>\nCao h\u01a1n (D\u1eef li\u1ec7u tr\u00f9ng l\u1eb7p)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
              \u0110\u1ed9 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p<\/strong><\/td>\n\u0110\u1ed9 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p truy v\u1ea5n cao<\/td>\n\u0110\u1ed9 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p ghi cao<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
              Kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng b\u1ea3o tr\u00ec<\/strong><\/td>\nD\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng thay \u0111\u1ed5i l\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3<\/td>\nKh\u00f3 kh\u0103n h\u01a1n khi thay \u0111\u1ed5i l\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

              \ud83e\udded Khung quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh cho c\u00e1c ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac s\u01b0<\/h2>\n

              Vi\u1ec7c l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 c\u00e1c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u kinh doanh \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt. Khung sau \u0111\u00e2y s\u1ebd gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u01b0\u1edbng qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ra quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh.<\/p>\n

              Khi n\u00e0o n\u00ean ch\u1ecdn chu\u1ea9n h\u00f3a<\/h3>\n
                \n
              • M\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 thao t\u00e1c ghi:<\/strong> N\u1ebfu c\u00e1c thao t\u00e1c ghi x\u1ea3y ra th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean h\u01a1n so v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ecdc, chu\u1ea9n h\u00f3a s\u1ebd ng\u0103n ng\u1eeba c\u00e1c l\u1ed7i c\u1eadp nh\u1eadt.<\/li>\n
              • T\u00ednh nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n nghi\u00eam ng\u1eb7t:<\/strong> C\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh ho\u1eb7c h\u1ed3 s\u01a1 y t\u1ebf th\u01b0\u1eddng y\u00eau c\u1ea7u tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7 ACID nghi\u00eam ng\u1eb7t, n\u01a1i m\u00e0 s\u1ef1 tr\u00f9ng l\u1eb7p l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c.<\/li>\n
              • M\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p:<\/strong> Khi c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 nhi\u1ec1u-\u0111a thay \u0111\u1ed5i th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean, chu\u1ea9n h\u00f3a x\u1eed l\u00fd vi\u1ec7c \u00e1nh x\u1ea1 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng.<\/li>\n
              • H\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf v\u1ec1 l\u01b0u tr\u1eef:<\/strong> N\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng gian \u0111\u0129a l\u00e0 h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf, vi\u1ec7c gi\u1ea3m thi\u1ec3u s\u1ef1 tr\u00f9ng l\u1eb7p s\u1ebd mang l\u1ea1i l\u1ee3i \u00edch.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                Khi n\u00e0o n\u00ean ch\u1ecdn phi chu\u1ea9n h\u00f3a<\/h3>\n
                  \n
                • \u0110\u1ecdc chi\u1ebfm \u01b0u th\u1ebf:<\/strong> N\u1ebfu s\u1ed1 l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ecdc v\u01b0\u1ee3t xa s\u1ed1 l\u1ea7n ghi (v\u00ed d\u1ee5: 100:1), l\u1ee3i \u00edch v\u1ec1 hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t t\u1eeb vi\u1ec7c gi\u1ea3m s\u1ed1 ph\u00e9p n\u1ed1i s\u1ebd v\u01b0\u1ee3t tr\u1ed9i h\u01a1n chi ph\u00ed ghi.<\/li>\n
                • B\u00e1o c\u00e1o v\u00e0 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch:<\/strong> C\u00e1c kho d\u1eef li\u1ec7u v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 b\u00e1o c\u00e1o th\u01b0\u1eddng phi chu\u1ea9n h\u00f3a \u0111\u1ec3 t\u0103ng t\u1ed1c c\u00e1c truy v\u1ea5n t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p.<\/li>\n
                • T\u00ednh s\u1eb5n s\u00e0ng cao:<\/strong> C\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ph\u00e2n t\u00e1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 phi chu\u1ea9n h\u00f3a d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ec3 cho ph\u00e9p \u0111\u1ecdc tr\u00ean c\u00e1c n\u00fat c\u1ee5c b\u1ed9 m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n chuy\u1ec3n ti\u1ebfp m\u1ea1ng \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c ph\u00e2n v\u00f9ng kh\u00e1c.<\/li>\n
                • D\u1eef li\u1ec7u tham chi\u1ebfu t\u0129nh:<\/strong> D\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u00edt thay \u0111\u1ed5i (v\u00ed d\u1ee5: m\u00e3 qu\u1ed1c gia, t\u1ef7 gi\u00e1 h\u1ed1i \u0111o\u00e1i) l\u00e0 \u1ee9ng c\u1eed vi\u00ean h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u cho vi\u1ec7c sao ch\u00e9p.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                  \ud83d\udee0\ufe0f C\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p v\u00e0 t\u1ed1i \u01b0u h\u00f3a<\/h2>\n

                  Hi\u1ebfm khi c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecdn m\u1ed9t c\u1ef1c \u0111oan thay v\u00ec c\u1ef1c \u0111oan kia. C\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i th\u01b0\u1eddng \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng l\u1ee3i \u00edch c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3 hai m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh.<\/p>\n

                  Chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ec9 m\u1ee5c<\/h3>\n

                  Tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi phi chu\u1ea9n h\u00f3a, h\u00e3y \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o l\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u00e3 chu\u1ea9n h\u00f3a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ec9 m\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7. C\u00e1c ch\u1ec9 m\u1ee5c bao ph\u1ee7 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 cho ph\u00e9p b\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u01b0u tr\u1eef truy xu\u1ea5t to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 d\u1eef li\u1ec7u c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft t\u1eeb ch\u00ednh ch\u1ec9 m\u1ee5c, tr\u00e1nh ph\u1ea3i tra c\u1ee9u b\u1ea3ng. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u00f4i khi gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ecdc g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 phi chu\u1ea9n h\u00f3a m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n s\u1ef1 tr\u00f9ng l\u1eb7p d\u1eef li\u1ec7u.<\/p>\n

                    \n
                  • Ch\u1ec9 m\u1ee5c k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p:<\/strong>S\u1eafp x\u1ebfp c\u00e1c c\u1ed9t theo c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9 ch\u1ecdn l\u1ecdc cao nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec3 t\u0103ng t\u1ed1c qu\u00e9t ph\u1ea1m vi.<\/li>\n
                  • Ch\u1ec9 m\u1ee5c t\u1eebng ph\u1ea7n:<\/strong>Ch\u1ec9 ch\u1ec9 m\u1ee5c c\u00e1c t\u1eadp con d\u1eef li\u1ec7u c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3m k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u1ec9 m\u1ee5c v\u00e0 chi ph\u00ed b\u1ea3o tr\u00ec.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                    C\u00e1c View \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t h\u00f3a<\/h3>\n

                    M\u1ed9t view \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t h\u00f3a l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u l\u01b0u tr\u1eef k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t truy v\u1ea5n m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch v\u1eadt l\u00fd. N\u00f3 cho ph\u00e9p h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng duy tr\u00ec m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i nh\u00ecn phi chu\u1ea9n h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a d\u1eef li\u1ec7u m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n thay \u0111\u1ed5i c\u00e1c b\u1ea3ng g\u1ed1c. Khi d\u1eef li\u1ec7u n\u1ec1n thay \u0111\u1ed5i, view \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t h\u00f3a c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m m\u1edbi.<\/p>\n

                      \n
                    • T\u00ednh to\u00e1n tr\u01b0\u1edbc:<\/strong>C\u00e1c ph\u00e9p t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ednh to\u00e1n tr\u01b0\u1edbc.<\/li>\n
                    • V\u00f2ng l\u00e0m m\u1edbi:<\/strong>C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ea1y theo l\u1ecbch tr\u00ecnh ho\u1eb7c k\u00edch ho\u1ea1t khi d\u1eef li\u1ec7u thay \u0111\u1ed5i.<\/li>\n
                    • T\u00e1ch bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ecdc:<\/strong>C\u00e1c truy v\u1ea5n truy c\u1eadp view \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t h\u00f3a, trong khi c\u00e1c thao t\u00e1c ghi \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c b\u1ea3ng g\u1ed1c.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                      C\u00e1c b\u1ea3n sao \u0111\u1ecdc<\/h3>\n

                      Trong c\u00e1c ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac ph\u00e2n t\u00e1n, c\u00e1c b\u1ea3n sao \u0111\u1ecdc c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea5u h\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ec3 l\u01b0u tr\u1eef c\u00e1c b\u1ea3n sao phi chu\u1ea9n h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a d\u1eef li\u1ec7u. N\u00fat ch\u00ednh x\u1eed l\u00fd c\u00e1c thao t\u00e1c ghi v\u00e0 duy tr\u00ec l\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3 chu\u1ea9n h\u00f3a. B\u1ea3n sao nh\u1eadn c\u1eadp nh\u1eadt m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1ed9 v\u00e0 ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 l\u01b0u l\u01b0\u1ee3ng truy v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ecdc v\u1edbi l\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed1i \u01b0u.<\/p>\n

                        \n
                      • M\u1edf r\u1ed9ng kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng \u0111\u1ecdc:<\/strong>Ph\u00e2n t\u00e1n t\u1ea3i tr\u1ecdng tr\u00ean nhi\u1ec1u n\u00fat.<\/li>\n
                      • G\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ecba l\u00fd:<\/strong>\u0110\u1eb7t d\u1eef li\u1ec7u g\u1ea7n ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng h\u01a1n.<\/li>\n
                      • T\u00ednh nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng:<\/strong>Ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed9 tr\u1ec5 nh\u1ecf trong vi\u1ec7c lan truy\u1ec1n d\u1eef li\u1ec7u.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                        \u26a0\ufe0f Nh\u1eefng sai l\u1ea7m ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn trong thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf l\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3<\/h2>\n

                        Ngay c\u1ea3 khi c\u00f3 chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng, c\u00e1c l\u1ed7i tri\u1ec3n khai c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m suy y\u1ebfu hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t. C\u00e1c ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac s\u01b0 c\u1ea7n lu\u00f4n c\u1ea3nh gi\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u1eefng sai l\u1ea7m ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn.<\/p>\n

                        Chu\u1ea9n h\u00f3a qu\u00e1 m\u1ee9c<\/h3>\n

                        T\u1ea1o qu\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u b\u1ea3ng cho m\u1ed9t kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m duy nh\u1ea5t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ph\u00e9p n\u1ed1i qu\u00e1 m\u1ee9c. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 3NF l\u00e0 ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n, nh\u01b0ng tu\u00e2n theo n\u00f3 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch m\u00e1y m\u00f3c trong c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecdng t\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ecdc cao c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m gi\u1ea3m hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t. \u0110\u00f4i khi, vi\u1ec7c vi ph\u1ea1m c\u00f3 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t 3NF l\u00e0 c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft.<\/p>\n

                        Chu\u1ea9n h\u00f3a kh\u00f4ng nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n<\/h3>\n

                        Chu\u1ea9n h\u00f3a kh\u00f4ng ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n, ch\u1ec9 \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng cho m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng trong khi \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00e1c ph\u1ea7n kh\u00e1c \u1edf tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i chu\u1ea9n h\u00f3a, t\u1ea1o n\u00ean h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng b\u1ecb ph\u00e2n m\u1ea3nh. S\u1ef1 kh\u00f4ng nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n n\u00e0y khi\u1ebfn c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n kh\u00f3 d\u1ef1 \u0111o\u00e1n \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t.<\/p>\n

                        B\u1ecf qua quy m\u00f4 d\u1eef li\u1ec7u<\/h3>\n

                        M\u1ed9t l\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1ed1t v\u1edbi b\u1ed9 d\u1eef li\u1ec7u nh\u1ecf c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i khi quy m\u00f4 d\u1eef li\u1ec7u t\u0103ng l\u00ean. Chu\u1ea9n h\u00f3a kh\u00f4ng ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n l\u00e0m t\u0103ng y\u00eau c\u1ea7u l\u01b0u tr\u1eef theo t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 tuy\u1ebfn t\u00ednh v\u1edbi s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng b\u1ea3n ghi. N\u1ebfu d\u1eef li\u1ec7u t\u0103ng theo c\u1ea5p s\u1ed1 nh\u00e2n, chi ph\u00ed l\u01b0u tr\u1eef v\u00e0 g\u00e1nh n\u1eb7ng b\u1ea3o tr\u00ec do d\u01b0 th\u1eeba d\u1eef li\u1ec7u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tr\u1edf n\u00ean kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t.<\/p>\n

                        \u0110\u1ed9 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p c\u1ee7a logic c\u1eadp nh\u1eadt<\/h3>\n

                        Vi\u1ec7c tri\u1ec3n khai logic \u0111\u1ec3 duy tr\u00ec d\u1eef li\u1ec7u d\u01b0 th\u1eeba \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1ed9 l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n. Th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi c\u00e1c trigger, giao d\u1ecbch \u1edf c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng ho\u1eb7c h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ee3i tin nh\u1eafn. N\u1ebfu logic n\u00e0y th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i, l\u1ed7i d\u1eef li\u1ec7u s\u1ebd x\u1ea3y ra m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch im l\u1eb7ng.<\/p>\n

                        \ud83d\udd0d Nh\u1eefng c\u00e2n nh\u1eafc trong tri\u1ec3n khai<\/h2>\n

                        Khi chuy\u1ec3n t\u1eeb thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf sang tri\u1ec3n khai, c\u00e1c chi ti\u1ebft k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng.<\/p>\n

                        Qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd giao d\u1ecbch<\/h3>\n

                        C\u00e1c c\u1eadp nh\u1eadt kh\u00f4ng chu\u1ea9n h\u00f3a th\u01b0\u1eddng bao g\u1ed3m nhi\u1ec1u h\u00e0ng. Ch\u00fang ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bao b\u1ecdc trong m\u1ed9t giao d\u1ecbch duy nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o t\u00ednh nguy\u00ean t\u1eed. N\u1ebfu h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng s\u1eadp gi\u1eefa ch\u1eebng, d\u1eef li\u1ec7u ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ho\u00e0n t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng b\u1ea5t nh\u1ea5t.<\/p>\n

                        C\u00e1c l\u1edbp b\u1ed9 nh\u1edb \u0111\u1ec7m<\/h3>\n

                        Ngay c\u1ea3 khi \u0111\u00e3 lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf chu\u1ea9n h\u00f3a, vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ec7m d\u1eef li\u1ec7u th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean truy c\u1eadp v\u00e0o b\u1ed9 nh\u1edb c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m gi\u1ea3m t\u1ea3i c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u th\u00eam n\u1eefa. B\u1ed9 nh\u1edb \u0111\u1ec7m c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00f4 hi\u1ec7u h\u00f3a ho\u1eb7c c\u1eadp nh\u1eadt khi d\u1eef li\u1ec7u g\u1ed1c thay \u0111\u1ed5i.<\/p>\n

                        Gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t v\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 s\u1ed1<\/h3>\n

                        Gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t li\u00ean t\u1ee5c l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft. Theo d\u00f5i th\u1eddi gian th\u1ef1c thi truy v\u1ea5n, xung \u0111\u1ed9t kh\u00f3a v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 gia t\u0103ng dung l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u01b0u tr\u1eef. N\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ed9 tr\u1ec5 ghi t\u0103ng \u0111\u1ed9t bi\u1ebfn, \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 cho th\u1ea5y logic c\u1eadp nh\u1eadt lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf chu\u1ea9n h\u00f3a qu\u00e1 n\u1eb7ng.<\/p>\n

                        \ud83d\udcdd Nh\u1eefng c\u00e2n nh\u1eafc cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng d\u00e0nh cho ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac s\u01b0<\/h2>\n

                        L\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c ERD chu\u1ea9n h\u00f3a v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng chu\u1ea9n h\u00f3a l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n. N\u00f3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1ch d\u1eef li\u1ec7u l\u01b0u th\u00f4ng qua h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 l\u01b0u tr\u1eef t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c v\u1edbi \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng. Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi \u0111\u00fang duy nh\u1ea5t \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng cho m\u1ecdi t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng.<\/p>\n

                          \n
                        • \u0110o l\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u00ean:<\/strong>\u0110\u1eebng t\u1ed1i \u01b0u h\u00f3a d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecbnh. Ph\u00e2n t\u00edch t\u1ea3i c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec3m ngh\u1ebdn.<\/li>\n
                        • B\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n:<\/strong>B\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1edbi thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf chu\u1ea9n h\u00f3a. Ch\u1ec9 lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf chu\u1ea9n h\u00f3a khi c\u00e1c ch\u1ec9 s\u1ed1 hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t cho th\u1ea5y c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft.<\/li>\n
                        • T\u00e0i li\u1ec7u h\u00f3a c\u00e1c quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh:<\/strong>Ghi r\u00f5 l\u00fd do v\u00ec sao \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0a ra s\u1ef1 tr\u00f9ng l\u1eb7p. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea3o tr\u00ec trong t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai c\u1ea7n hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c th\u1ecfa hi\u1ec7p \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n.<\/li>\n
                        • L\u00ean k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch cho s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n:<\/strong>C\u00e1c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf l\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3 ph\u1ea3i ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n theo th\u1eddi gian. M\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u00f4m nay c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u1ea7n \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh khi c\u00e1c m\u1eabu d\u1eef li\u1ec7u thay \u0111\u1ed5i.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                          B\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ph\u00e9p n\u1ed1i, chi ph\u00ed c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 tr\u00f9ng l\u1eb7p v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng y\u00eau c\u1ea7u c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c t\u1ea3i c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ecdc nhi\u1ec1u, c\u00e1c ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac s\u01b0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng v\u1eeba b\u1ec1n v\u1eefng v\u1eeba hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t cao. M\u1ee5c ti\u00eau kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 tu\u00e2n theo m\u1ed9t quy t\u1eafc c\u1ee9ng nh\u1eafc, m\u00e0 l\u00e0 \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p nh\u1ea5t cho m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

                          Thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf m\u1ed9t ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac d\u1eef li\u1ec7u v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi s\u1ef1 c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c \u01b0u ti\u00ean m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn. T\u00ednh to\u00e0n v\u1eb9n, hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t v\u00e0 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng b\u1ea3o tr\u00ec…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":1715,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_title":"ERD chu\u1ea9n h\u00f3a so v\u1edbi kh\u00f4ng chu\u1ea9n h\u00f3a cho c\u00e1c t\u1ea3i c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ecdc nhi\u1ec1u","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"So s\u00e1nh c\u00e1c chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c ERD chu\u1ea9n h\u00f3a v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng chu\u1ea9n h\u00f3a cho c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ecdc nhi\u1ec1u. H\u1ecdc v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c th\u1ecfa hi\u1ec7p, t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t v\u00e0 c\u00e1c khung quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh cho thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf l\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3.","fifu_image_url":"","fifu_image_alt":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[68],"tags":[89,92],"class_list":["post-1714","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-database-design","tag-academic","tag-erd"],"yoast_head":"\nERD chu\u1ea9n h\u00f3a so v\u1edbi kh\u00f4ng chu\u1ea9n h\u00f3a cho c\u00e1c t\u1ea3i c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ecdc nhi\u1ec1u<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"So s\u00e1nh c\u00e1c chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c ERD chu\u1ea9n h\u00f3a v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng chu\u1ea9n h\u00f3a cho c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ecdc nhi\u1ec1u. 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