{"id":1712,"date":"2026-04-10T04:07:26","date_gmt":"2026-04-10T04:07:26","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.viz-note.com\/vi\/challenging-erd-scenarios-principal-dbas\/"},"modified":"2026-04-10T04:07:26","modified_gmt":"2026-04-10T04:07:26","slug":"challenging-erd-scenarios-principal-dbas","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.viz-note.com\/vi\/challenging-erd-scenarios-principal-dbas\/","title":{"rendered":"H\u1ecfi \u0111\u00e1p c\u00f9ng c\u00e1c Tr\u01b0\u1edfng nh\u00f3m DBA c\u1ea5p cao: Nh\u1eefng t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ed3 quan h\u1ec7 th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n nh\u1ea5t m\u00e0 ch\u00fang t\u00f4i t\u1eebng \u0111\u1ed1i m\u1eb7t"},"content":{"rendered":"

M\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a d\u1eef li\u1ec7u l\u00e0 n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u n\u00e0o m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y trong c\u00e1c kh\u00f3a h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc, nh\u01b0ng vi\u1ec7c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf trong m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t l\u1ea1i ph\u01a1i b\u00e0y m\u1ed9t b\u1ee9c tranh \u0111\u1ea7y nh\u1eefng tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t, \u0111i\u1ec3m ngh\u1ebdn hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn logic. C\u00e1c s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 quan h\u1ec7 th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 (ERD) \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 nh\u01b0 b\u1ea3n v\u1ebd thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf cho c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng n\u00e0y, nh\u01b0ng ch\u00fang th\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh ngu\u1ed3n g\u00e2y tranh c\u00e3i khi th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi th\u1ef1c t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i n\u1eb1m g\u1ecdn trong nh\u1eefng h\u00ecnh vu\u00f4ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1eb3ng.<\/p>\n

Ch\u00fang t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 ng\u1ed3i tr\u00f2 chuy\u1ec7n c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m c\u00e1c Tr\u01b0\u1edfng nh\u00f3m Qu\u1ea3n tr\u1ecb C\u01a1 s\u1edf D\u1eef li\u1ec7u c\u1ea5p cao v\u00e0 Ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac s\u01b0 D\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch nh\u1eefng t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean l\u00e0m kh\u00f3 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9i ng\u0169 trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf. Nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 b\u00e0i t\u1eadp l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft; ch\u00fang xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n khi c\u00e1c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u kinh doanh va ch\u1ea1m v\u1edbi c\u00e1c gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n v\u1ec1 l\u01b0u tr\u1eef v\u1eadt l\u00fd. M\u1ee5c ti\u00eau \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0a ra gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p nhanh ch\u00f3ng, m\u00e0 l\u00e0 cung c\u1ea5p s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft s\u00e2u s\u1eafc v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng th\u1ecfa hi\u1ec7p c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft.<\/p>\n

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\"Marker-style<\/figure>\n<\/div>\n

1. B\u1eaby Nhi\u1ec1u-\u0110a: V\u01b0\u1ee3t ra ngo\u00e0i c\u00e1c b\u1ea3ng n\u1ed1i \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n \ud83d\udd78\ufe0f<\/h2>\n

\u0110i\u1ec3m kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ea7u ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn nh\u1ea5t trong thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf ERD l\u00e0 m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 Nhi\u1ec1u-\u0110a. C\u00f3 v\u1ebb tr\u1ef1c quan: m\u1ed9t Sinh vi\u00ean c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u0103ng k\u00fd nhi\u1ec1u Kh\u00f3a h\u1ecdc, v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t Kh\u00f3a h\u1ecdc c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u Sinh vi\u00ean. Gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n bao g\u1ed3m m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3ng c\u1ea7u n\u1ed1i ho\u1eb7c b\u1ea3ng li\u00ean k\u1ebft. Tuy nhi\u00ean, \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p n\u1ea3y sinh khi c\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a v\u00e0o ch\u00ednh m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7.<\/p>\n

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  • V\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1:<\/strong>Th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean, c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9i c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng l\u01b0u tr\u1eef d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u0103ng k\u00fd (nh\u01b0 \u0111i\u1ec3m s\u1ed1 ho\u1eb7c ng\u00e0y \u0111\u0103ng k\u00fd) v\u00e0o b\u1ea3ng Sinh vi\u00ean ho\u1eb7c Kh\u00f3a h\u1ecdc ch\u00ednh, d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 tr\u00f9ng l\u1eb7p l\u1edbn ho\u1eb7c c\u00e1c gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb r\u1ed7ng.<\/li>\n
  • Th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf:<\/strong>Ch\u00ednh m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3. N\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 kh\u00f3a ch\u00ednh ri\u00eang v\u00e0 c\u00e1c kh\u00f3a ngo\u1ea1i tr\u1ecf tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 cha.<\/li>\n
  • Th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c:<\/strong>X\u1eed l\u00fd x\u00f3a lan truy\u1ec1n. N\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t Kh\u00f3a h\u1ecdc b\u1ecb x\u00f3a, c\u00e1c b\u1ea3n ghi \u0110\u0103ng k\u00fd s\u1ebd ra sao? N\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3n ghi \u0110\u0103ng k\u00fd b\u1ecb x\u00f3a, sinh vi\u00ean c\u00f3 bi\u1ebfn m\u1ea5t kh\u00f4ng? Nh\u1eefng quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a t\u00ednh to\u00e0n v\u1eb9n d\u1eef li\u1ec7u.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

    Trong cu\u1ed9c th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang t\u00f4i, m\u1ed9t Tr\u01b0\u1edfng nh\u00f3m DBA nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t r\u1eb1ng b\u1ea3ng li\u00ean k\u1ebft th\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh \u0111i\u1ec3m ngh\u1ebdn hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t. Khi truy v\u1ea5n d\u1eef li\u1ec7u qua \u0111i\u1ec3m giao nhau n\u00e0y, b\u1ed9 x\u1eed l\u00fd c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u ph\u1ea3i th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n thao t\u00e1c n\u1ed1i, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng t\u1ed1t khi s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u00e0ng t\u0103ng l\u00ean h\u00e0ng tri\u1ec7u. Gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00fac n\u00e0o c\u0169ng n\u1eb1m \u1edf ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac; \u0111\u00f4i khi c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf chu\u1ea9n h\u00f3a, nh\u01b0ng \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 l\u1ea1i d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c b\u1ea5t th\u01b0\u1eddng khi c\u1eadp nh\u1eadt.<\/p>\n

    Nh\u1eefng y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 c\u1ea7n c\u00e2n nh\u1eafc cho m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 Nhi\u1ec1u-\u0110a:<\/strong><\/p>\n

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    • M\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 n\u00e0y c\u00f3 c\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1eadp ch\u1ec9 m\u1ee5c kh\u00f4ng?<\/li>\n
    • M\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 n\u00e0y l\u00e0 hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i hay l\u1ecbch s\u1eed? (v\u00ed d\u1ee5: vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u0103ng k\u00fd hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i c\u00f3 kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u0103ng k\u00fd trong qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng?)<\/li>\n
    • H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng s\u1ebd x\u1eed l\u00fd c\u00e1c b\u1ea3n ghi b\u1ecb m\u1ed3 c\u00f4i nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o n\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 cha b\u1ecb x\u00f3a?<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

      2. M\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ec7 quy: C\u00e1c c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac ph\u00e2n c\u1ea5p t\u1ef1 tham chi\u1ebfu \ud83c\udf33<\/h2>\n

      D\u1eef li\u1ec7u ph\u00e2n c\u1ea5p hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n \u1edf kh\u1eafp n\u01a1i. H\u00e3y ngh\u0129 \u0111\u1ebfn s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c, danh s\u00e1ch v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u, ho\u1eb7c m\u1ed9t chu\u1ed7i b\u00ecnh lu\u1eadn tr\u00ean di\u1ec5n \u0111\u00e0n. Vi\u1ec7c m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3ng ph\u1ea3i tham chi\u1ebfu ch\u00ednh n\u00f3. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n, nh\u01b0ng vi\u1ec7c tri\u1ec3n khai trong l\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3 quan h\u1ec7 l\u1ea1i mang l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9 s\u00e2u v\u00e0 thao t\u00e1c duy\u1ec7t.<\/p>\n

      V\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac:<\/strong><\/p>\n

      B\u1ea1n t\u1ea1o m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3ng v\u1edbi kh\u00f3a ch\u00ednh v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u1ed9t kh\u00f3a ngo\u1ea1i tr\u1ecf tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i kh\u00f3a ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh b\u1ea3ng \u0111\u00f3. C\u1ed9t n\u00e0y th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 c\u1ed9t ‘parent_id’. N\u00fat g\u1ed1c c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb cha l\u00e0 r\u1ed7ng.<\/p>\n

      V\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t:<\/strong><\/p>\n

      C\u00e1c truy v\u1ea5n SQL ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n g\u1eb7p kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n v\u1edbi c\u00e1c c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac ph\u00e2n c\u1ea5p s\u00e2u. N\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n c\u1ea7n l\u1ea5y ra m\u1ed9t qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd c\u00f9ng t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c c\u1ea5p tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp v\u00e0 gi\u00e1n ti\u1ebfp d\u01b0\u1edbi quy\u1ec1n, m\u1ed9t l\u1ec7nh JOIN \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee7. B\u1ea1n c\u1ea7n s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c Bi\u1ec3u th\u1ee9c B\u1ea3ng Chung \u0111\u1ec7 quy (CTE) ho\u1eb7c c\u00e1c th\u1ee7 t\u1ee5c l\u01b0u tr\u1eef l\u1eb7p qua t\u1eebng c\u1ea5p. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ed1n k\u00e9m v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t t\u00ednh to\u00e1n.<\/p>\n

      V\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 to\u00e0n v\u1eb9n:<\/strong><\/p>\n

      C\u00e1c tham chi\u1ebfu v\u00f2ng tr\u00f2n l\u00e0 k\u1ebb gi\u1ebft ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ea7m l\u1eb7ng. N\u1ebfu Nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean A qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd Nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean B, v\u00e0 Nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean B qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd Nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean A, b\u1ea1n s\u1ebd c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t chu k\u1ef3. C\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u ph\u1ea3i ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y, ho\u1eb7c logic \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng ph\u1ea3i ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n n\u00f3. Trong c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng l\u1edbn, m\u1ed9t chu k\u1ef3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u00e2y ra v\u00f2ng l\u1eb7p v\u00f4 h\u1ea1n trong c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 b\u00e1o c\u00e1o.<\/p>\n

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      • Gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ed9 s\u00e2u:<\/strong>H\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ed9 s\u00e2u c\u1ee7a c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac ph\u00e2n c\u1ea5p (v\u00ed d\u1ee5: 32 c\u1ea5p) \u0111\u1ec3 ng\u0103n l\u1ed7i tr\u00e0n ng\u0103n x\u1ebfp trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh duy\u1ec7t.<\/li>\n
      • T\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111i:<\/strong>Vi\u1ec7c t\u00ednh to\u00e1n t\u1ed5ng chi ph\u00ed ho\u1eb7c s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t nh\u00e1nh c\u00e2y con \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi logic \u0111\u1ec7 quy, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y kh\u00f3 t\u1ed1i \u01b0u h\u00f3a trong c\u00e1c k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch truy v\u1ea5n ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

        3. M\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a Si\u00eau lo\u1ea1i v\u00e0 Ti\u1ec3u lo\u1ea1i: B\u1ebf t\u1eafc k\u1ebf th\u1eeba \ud83e\uddec<\/h2>\n

        Trong l\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, k\u1ebf th\u1eeba l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u chu\u1ea9n. Trong c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u quan h\u1ec7, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn l\u01b0u tr\u1eef v\u00e0 truy xu\u1ea5t. C\u00e2u h\u1ecfi \u0111\u1eb7t ra l\u00e0: b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3ng duy nh\u1ea5t, hay chia n\u00f3 th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c b\u1ea3ng Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n, Xe \u00f4 t\u00f4 v\u00e0 Xe t\u1ea3i?<\/p>\n

        T\u00f9y ch\u1ecdn A: K\u1ebf th\u1eeba b\u1ea3ng \u0111\u01a1n<\/strong><\/p>\n

        T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh cho t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c ki\u1ec3u con \u0111\u1ec1u n\u1eb1m trong m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3ng. C\u00e1c gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb null \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng cho c\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh kh\u00f4ng d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ebfn.<\/p>\n

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        • \u01afu \u0111i\u1ec3m:<\/em>Truy v\u1ea5n \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n, kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n n\u1ed1i b\u1ea3ng \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00ecm b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n n\u00e0o.<\/li>\n
        • Nh\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec3m:<\/em>B\u1ea3ng b\u1ecb ph\u00ecnh to, kh\u00f3 \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 theo ki\u1ec3u con, nhi\u1ec1u c\u1ed9t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1ed1ng.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

          T\u00f9y ch\u1ecdn B: K\u1ebf th\u1eeba b\u1ea3ng l\u1edbp<\/strong><\/p>\n

          M\u1ed9t b\u1ea3ng cho si\u00eau ki\u1ec3u (Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n), v\u00e0 c\u00e1c b\u1ea3ng ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t cho c\u00e1c ki\u1ec3u con (Xe \u00f4 t\u00f4, Xe t\u1ea3i) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c li\u00ean k\u1ebft b\u1eb1ng kh\u00f3a ch\u00ednh.<\/p>\n

            \n
          • \u01afu \u0111i\u1ec3m:<\/em>T\u00e1ch bi\u1ec7t r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb null, r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c nghi\u00eam ng\u1eb7t cho t\u1eebng ki\u1ec3u con.<\/li>\n
          • Nh\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec3m:<\/em>Truy v\u1ea5n y\u00eau c\u1ea7u n\u1ed1i nhi\u1ec1u b\u1ea3ng, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecdc.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

            C\u00e1c chuy\u00ean gia DBA c\u1ea5p cao c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang t\u00f4i nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh r\u1eb1ng l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn th\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o m\u1eabu truy v\u1ea5n. N\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean truy v\u1ea5n c\u00e1c ki\u1ec3u con c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3, c\u00e1ch ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn b\u1ea3ng l\u1edbp s\u1ebd t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n. N\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c ki\u1ec3u con, c\u00e1ch ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn b\u1ea3ng \u0111\u01a1n s\u1ebd th\u1eafng. S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ERD ph\u1ea3i ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh g\u00e2y nh\u1ea7m l\u1eabn cho c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n trong t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai.<\/p>\n

            4. D\u1eef li\u1ec7u th\u1eddi gian: Theo d\u00f5i thay \u0111\u1ed5i theo th\u1eddi gian \u23f3<\/h2>\n

            C\u00e1c quy t\u1eafc kinh doanh thay \u0111\u1ed5i. M\u1ed9t kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng di chuy\u1ec3n, gi\u00e1 c\u1ea3 c\u1eadp nh\u1eadt, h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u1ebft h\u1ea1n. Vi\u1ec7c l\u01b0u tr\u1eef ch\u1ec9 tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i ‘hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i’ th\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee7 cho m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch ki\u1ec3m to\u00e1n ho\u1eb7c b\u00e1o c\u00e1o. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf c\u00e1c b\u1ea3ng th\u1eddi gian ho\u1eb7c c\u00e1c chi\u1ec1u thay \u0111\u1ed5i ch\u1eadm (SCD).<\/p>\n

            \u0110\u1ed9 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p:<\/strong><\/p>\n

            Thay v\u00ec c\u1eadp nh\u1eadt m\u1ed9t h\u00e0ng, b\u1ea1n ch\u00e8n m\u1ed9t h\u00e0ng m\u1edbi v\u1edbi ng\u00e0y b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0 k\u1ebft th\u00fac hi\u1ec7u l\u1ef1c. H\u00e0ng c\u0169 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e1nh d\u1ea5u l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y l\u00e0m g\u1ea5p \u0111\u00f4i dung l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u01b0u tr\u1eef cho d\u1eef li\u1ec7u l\u1ecbch s\u1eed v\u00e0 l\u00e0m ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p truy v\u1ea5n ‘xem hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i’.<\/p>\n

            Th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c truy v\u1ea5n:<\/strong><\/p>\n

            L\u1ea5y d\u1eef li\u1ec7u ‘t\u1ea1i th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m’ c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u l\u1ecdc theo kho\u1ea3ng ng\u00e0y. N\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n b\u1ecf s\u00f3t logic kho\u1ea3ng ng\u00e0y, b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tr\u1ea3 v\u1ec1 phi\u00ean b\u1ea3n sai c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3n ghi. \u0110\u00e2y th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 n\u01a1i c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 to\u00e0n v\u1eb9n d\u1eef li\u1ec7u xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n trong c\u00e1c \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh.<\/p>\n

              \n
            • Thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf b\u1ea3n ch\u1ee5p:<\/strong>L\u01b0u tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i t\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3. Y\u00eau c\u1ea7u c\u00e1c t\u00e1c v\u1ee5 h\u00e0ng lo\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ecbnh k\u1ef3 \u0111\u1ec3 ghi b\u1ea3n ch\u1ee5p.<\/li>\n
            • Thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf nh\u1eadt k\u00fd giao d\u1ecbch:<\/strong>Ghi l\u1ea1i m\u1ecdi thay \u0111\u1ed5i. T\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 ghi cao, logic truy xu\u1ea5t ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p.<\/li>\n
            • Thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf \u0111\u1ecbnh k\u1ef3:<\/strong>L\u01b0u kho\u1ea3ng th\u1eddi gian h\u1ee3p l\u1ec7. X\u1eed l\u00fd t\u1ed1t c\u00e1c kho\u1ea3ng tr\u1ed1ng th\u1eddi gian nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd ranh gi\u1edbi c\u1ea9n th\u1eadn.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

              5. H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ph\u00e2n t\u00e1n: Chia nh\u1ecf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u v\u00e0 m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 \ud83d\udd17<\/h2>\n

              Khi m\u1ed9t c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u01a1n kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9a d\u1eef li\u1ec7u, vi\u1ec7c chia nh\u1ecf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u tr\u1edf n\u00ean c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 n\u01a1i thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf ERD ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ed1i m\u1eb7t v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n v\u1eadt l\u00fd nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t. C\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua ranh gi\u1edbi chia nh\u1ecf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u l\u00e0 t\u1ed1n k\u00e9m.<\/p>\n

              V\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u1ed1i:<\/strong><\/p>\n

              N\u1ebfu b\u1ea3ng A \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chia nh\u1ecf theo ID ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng, v\u00e0 b\u1ea3ng B li\u00ean k\u1ebft v\u1edbi b\u1ea3ng A, th\u00ec b\u1ea3ng B ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chia nh\u1ecf theo c\u00f9ng ID ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh c\u00e1c ph\u00e9p n\u1ed1i ph\u00e2n t\u00e1n. N\u1ebfu b\u1ea3ng B \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chia nh\u1ecf theo th\u1ee9 kh\u00e1c, b\u1ea1n ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ecbnh tuy\u1ebfn truy v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ebfn nhi\u1ec1u shard, t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 v\u00e0 n\u1ed1i c\u1ee5c b\u1ed9.<\/p>\n

              To\u00e0n v\u1eb9n tham chi\u1ebfu:<\/strong><\/p>\n

              C\u00e1c r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c kh\u00f3a ngo\u1ea1i r\u1ea5t kh\u00f3 th\u1ef1c thi tr\u00ean c\u00e1c n\u00fat ph\u00e2n t\u00e1n. Nhi\u1ec1u h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng v\u00f4 hi\u1ec7u h\u00f3a kh\u00f3a ngo\u1ea1i trong m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e2n m\u1ea3nh \u0111\u1ec3 duy tr\u00ec kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng s\u1eb5n s\u00e0ng. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y chuy\u1ec3n g\u00e1nh n\u1eb7ng b\u1ea3o to\u00e0n t\u00ednh to\u00e0n v\u1eb9n sang l\u1edbp \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng, n\u01a1i d\u1ec5 x\u1ea3y ra c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n c\u1ea1nh tranh.<\/p>\n

              Nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec3m ch\u00ednh cho c\u00e1c s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ERD ph\u00e2n t\u00e1n:<\/strong><\/p>\n

                \n
              • Tr\u00e1nh c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 nhi\u1ec1u – nhi\u1ec1u tr\u1ea3i d\u00e0i qua nhi\u1ec1u m\u1ea3nh ph\u00e2n m\u1ea3nh.<\/li>\n
              • Lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf chu\u1ea9n h\u00f3a d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3m nhu c\u1ea7u th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c thao t\u00e1c n\u1ed1i gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c n\u00fat.<\/li>\n
              • Thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf kh\u00f3a ph\u00e2n v\u00f9ng (kh\u00f3a ph\u00e2n m\u1ea3nh) d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean c\u00e1c m\u1eabu truy v\u1ea5n th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean nh\u1ea5t, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean kh\u00f3a ch\u00ednh.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                6. Hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t so v\u1edbi Chu\u1ea9n h\u00f3a: C\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c l\u1ee3i \u00edch \u2696\ufe0f<\/h2>\n

                Chu\u1ea9n h\u00f3a (1NF, 2NF, 3NF) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ea1y nh\u01b0 ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n v\u00e0ng cho t\u00ednh to\u00e0n v\u1eb9n d\u1eef li\u1ec7u. Tuy nhi\u00ean, trong c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng c\u00f3 l\u01b0u l\u01b0\u1ee3ng cao, chu\u1ea9n h\u00f3a nghi\u00eam ng\u1eb7t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m gi\u1ea3m hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t. S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ERD ph\u1ea3i c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng gi\u1eefa hai y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n

                Khi n\u00e0o n\u00ean lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf chu\u1ea9n h\u00f3a:<\/strong><\/p>\n

                  \n
                • C\u00e1c t\u00e1c v\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ecdc d\u1eef li\u1ec7u n\u1eb7ng:<\/strong> N\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ecdc d\u1eef li\u1ec7u nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n so v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c ghi, vi\u1ec7c th\u00eam c\u00e1c c\u1ed9t d\u01b0 th\u1eeba s\u1ebd gi\u00fap ti\u1ebft ki\u1ec7m thao t\u00e1c n\u1ed1i.<\/li>\n
                • Y\u00eau c\u1ea7u b\u00e1o c\u00e1o:<\/strong>C\u00e1c ph\u00e9p t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p tr\u00ean d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u00e3 chu\u1ea9n h\u00f3a \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi c\u00e1c thao t\u00e1c n\u1ed1i ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p, l\u00e0m ch\u1eadm c\u00e1c b\u1ea3ng \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n.<\/li>\n
                • C\u00e1c t\u00e1c v\u1ee5 ghi d\u1eef li\u1ec7u n\u1eb7ng:<\/strong>\u0110\u00f4i khi, gi\u1eef d\u1eef li\u1ec7u ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t s\u1ebd gi\u1ea3m thi\u1ec3u xung \u0111\u1ed9t kh\u00f3a trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh c\u1eadp nh\u1eadt.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                  Ban c\u1ed1 v\u1ea5n c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang t\u00f4i nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh r\u1eb1ng kh\u00f4ng t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i l\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3 ‘ho\u00e0n h\u1ea3o’ n\u00e0o. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 th\u1ecfa hi\u1ec7p. S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ERD n\u00ean ghi ch\u00e9p r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng n\u01a1i x\u1ea3y ra vi\u1ec7c lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf chu\u1ea9n h\u00f3a v\u00e0 l\u00fd do t\u1ea1i sao, \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea3o tr\u00ec trong t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai hi\u1ec3u r\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 tr\u00f9ng l\u1eb7p l\u00e0 c\u00f3 ch\u1ee7 \u00fd, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u1ed7i.<\/p>\n

                  So s\u00e1nh c\u00e1c m\u1eabu m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a \ud83d\udcca<\/h2>\n

                  \u0110\u1ec3 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 ra quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh, d\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 b\u1ea3n t\u00f3m t\u1eaft c\u00e1c m\u1eabu m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn v\u00e0 c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111i\u1ec3n h\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
                  M\u1eabu<\/th>\nTr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t<\/th>\nR\u1ee7i ro ch\u00ednh<\/th>\n\u0110\u1ed9 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n
                  B\u1ea3ng \u0111\u01a1n<\/td>\nC\u00e1c c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac ph\u00e2n c\u1ea5p \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n, \u00edt \u0111a d\u1ea1ng<\/td>\nC\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng r\u1ed7ng, bloat l\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3<\/td>\nTh\u1ea5p<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                  B\u1ea3ng l\u1edbp<\/td>\nC\u00e1c ki\u1ec3u con nghi\u00eam ng\u1eb7t, c\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t<\/td>\nChi ph\u00ed n\u1ed1i<\/td>\nTrung b\u00ecnh<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                  \u0110\u1ec7 quy<\/td>\nS\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c, danh m\u1ee5c<\/td>\n\u0110\u1ed9 s\u00e2u duy\u1ec7t, chu tr\u00ecnh<\/td>\nCao<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                  Entiti li\u00ean k\u1ebft<\/td>\nNhi\u1ec1u-\u0111\u1ebfn-nhi\u1ec1u v\u1edbi thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh<\/td>\nHi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t n\u1ed1i<\/td>\nTrung b\u00ecnh<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                  Th\u1eddi gian<\/td>\nKi\u1ec3m to\u00e1n, theo d\u00f5i l\u1ecbch s\u1eed<\/td>\n\u0110\u1ed9 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p truy v\u1ea5n<\/td>\nCao<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                  Chia s\u1ebb ph\u00e2n t\u00e1n<\/td>\nQuy m\u00f4 l\u1edbn, m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng ngang<\/td>\nTo\u00e0n v\u1eb9n tham chi\u1ebfu<\/td>\nR\u1ea5t cao<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

                  Danh s\u00e1ch ki\u1ec3m tra \u0111\u1ec3 xem x\u00e9t s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 quan h\u1ec7 th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 \u2705<\/h2>\n

                  Tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi ho\u00e0n t\u1ea5t s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 quan h\u1ec7 th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3, h\u00e3y s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng danh s\u00e1ch ki\u1ec3m tra n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c l\u1ed7i ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn. T\u1ed1t h\u01a1n h\u1ebft l\u00e0 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf thay v\u00ec trong m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t.<\/p>\n

                    \n
                  • S\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng:<\/strong>B\u1ea1n \u0111\u00e3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u00f5 c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 M\u1ed9t-\u0111\u1ebfn-M\u1ed9t, M\u1ed9t-\u0111\u1ebfn-Nhi\u1ec1u v\u00e0 Nhi\u1ec1u-\u0111\u1ebfn-Nhi\u1ec1u ch\u01b0a? C\u00e1c r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c t\u1ed1i thi\u1ec3u\/t\u1ed1i \u0111a (0..1, 1..*) c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00eau r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng kh\u00f4ng?<\/li>\n
                  • Ki\u1ec3u d\u1eef li\u1ec7u:<\/strong>C\u00e1c ki\u1ec3u c\u1ed9t c\u00f3 ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc d\u1eef li\u1ec7u mong \u0111\u1ee3i kh\u00f4ng? (v\u00ed d\u1ee5: s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng Integer thay v\u00ec Varchar cho ID).<\/li>\n
                  • Kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng r\u1ed7ng:<\/strong>C\u00e1c kh\u00f3a ngo\u1ea1i c\u00f3 cho ph\u00e9p r\u1ed7ng kh\u00f4ng? N\u1ebfu c\u00f3, logic x\u1eed l\u00fd c\u00e1c tham chi\u1ebfu b\u1ecb t\u00e1ch r\u1eddi m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch tr\u01a1n tru kh\u00f4ng?<\/li>\n
                  • Chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ec9 m\u1ee5c:<\/strong>S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ERD c\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 ra c\u00e1c c\u1ed9t n\u00e0o c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ec9 m\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ed1i \u01b0u hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t kh\u00f4ng? Th\u01b0\u1eddng th\u00ec c\u00e1c kh\u00f3a ngo\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ec9 m\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ec3 t\u0103ng t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 n\u1ed1i.<\/li>\n
                  • Quy \u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1eb7t t\u00ean:<\/strong>T\u00ean b\u1ea3ng v\u00e0 c\u1ed9t c\u00f3 nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n kh\u00f4ng? Tr\u00e1nh s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c vi\u1ebft t\u1eaft c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u00e2y hi\u1ec3u l\u1ea7m sau n\u00e0y.<\/li>\n
                  • Quy t\u1eafc kinh doanh:<\/strong>C\u00e1c r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c (v\u00ed d\u1ee5: \u201cM\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 hai \u0111\u0103ng k\u00fd ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng\u201d) c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n d\u01b0\u1edbi d\u1ea1ng ki\u1ec3m tra logic hay r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u kh\u00f4ng?<\/li>\n
                  • Kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng:<\/strong>L\u1ed9 tr\u00ecnh c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 c\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh m\u1edbi m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i di d\u1eddi to\u00e0n b\u1ed9? (v\u00ed d\u1ee5: s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng m\u1eabu EAV ho\u1eb7c c\u00e1c c\u1ed9t JSON khi ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                    Suy ngh\u0129 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng v\u1ec1 m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \ud83e\udde0<\/h2>\n

                    Thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 quan h\u1ec7 th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01a1n thu\u1ea7n l\u00e0 v\u1ebd c\u00e1c h\u00ecnh h\u1ed9p v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng k\u1ebb. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u, c\u00e1c gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n v\u1ec1 ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee9ng v\u00e0 nhu c\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a doanh nghi\u1ec7p. C\u00e1c t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec3m ngh\u1ebdn n\u01a1i l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft g\u1eb7p th\u1ef1c ti\u1ec5n.<\/p>\n

                    B\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch l\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u1eefng th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c n\u00e0y\u2014\u0111\u1ed9 s\u00e2u \u0111\u1ec7 quy, ph\u00e9p n\u1ed1i ph\u00e2n t\u00e1n, l\u1ecbch s\u1eed theo th\u1eddi gian v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 \u0111\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ed5i trong k\u1ebf th\u1eeba\u2014b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng c\u00e1c l\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3 c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ch\u1ed1ng ch\u1ecbu t\u1ed1t. M\u1ed9t s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ERD \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf c\u1ea9n th\u1eadn s\u1ebd gi\u1ea3m n\u1ee3 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt v\u00e0 ng\u0103n ng\u1eeba nhu c\u1ea7u t\u00e1i c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac t\u1ed1n k\u00e9m sau n\u00e0y. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t kho\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng.<\/p>\n

                    H\u00e3y nh\u1edb r\u1eb1ng l\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3 t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 l\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi d\u1eef li\u1ec7u. T\u00e0i li\u1ec7u l\u00e0 ch\u00eca kh\u00f3a. \u0110\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o r\u1eb1ng m\u1ecdi s\u1ef1 l\u1ec7ch kh\u1ecfi chu\u1ea9n chu\u1ea9n h\u00f3a \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00fd gi\u1ea3i v\u00e0 ghi l\u1ea1i. T\u00ednh minh b\u1ea1ch n\u00e0y ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd v\u1edbi ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac d\u1ec5 b\u1ecb t\u1ed5n th\u01b0\u01a1ng.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

                    M\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a d\u1eef li\u1ec7u l\u00e0 n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u n\u00e0o m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y trong c\u00e1c…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":1713,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_title":"Nh\u1eefng t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng ERD th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c: Nh\u1eefng hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft t\u1eeb c\u00e1c chuy\u00ean gia DBA c\u1ea5p cao \ud83d\uddc3\ufe0f","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"Kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 nh\u1eefng th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c ERD ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn b\u1edfi c\u00e1c chuy\u00ean gia DBA c\u1ea5p cao. H\u1ecdc v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ec7 quy, chu\u1ea9n h\u00f3a v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec3m sai l\u1ea7m trong thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf l\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3.","fifu_image_url":"","fifu_image_alt":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[68],"tags":[89,92],"class_list":["post-1712","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-database-design","tag-academic","tag-erd"],"yoast_head":"\nNh\u1eefng t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng ERD th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c: Nh\u1eefng hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft t\u1eeb c\u00e1c chuy\u00ean gia DBA c\u1ea5p cao \ud83d\uddc3\ufe0f<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 nh\u1eefng th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c ERD ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn b\u1edfi c\u00e1c chuy\u00ean gia DBA c\u1ea5p cao. H\u1ecdc v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ec7 quy, chu\u1ea9n h\u00f3a v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec3m sai l\u1ea7m trong thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf l\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.viz-note.com\/vi\/challenging-erd-scenarios-principal-dbas\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"vi_VN\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Nh\u1eefng t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng ERD th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c: Nh\u1eefng hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft t\u1eeb c\u00e1c chuy\u00ean gia DBA c\u1ea5p cao \ud83d\uddc3\ufe0f\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 nh\u1eefng th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c ERD ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn b\u1edfi c\u00e1c chuy\u00ean gia DBA c\u1ea5p cao. 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