{"id":1643,"date":"2026-04-07T17:58:38","date_gmt":"2026-04-07T17:58:38","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.viz-note.com\/vi\/erd-performance-myth-buster\/"},"modified":"2026-04-07T17:58:38","modified_gmt":"2026-04-07T17:58:38","slug":"erd-performance-myth-buster","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.viz-note.com\/vi\/erd-performance-myth-buster\/","title":{"rendered":"B\u00f3c T\u00e1ch Suy Ngh\u0129 Sai L\u1ea7m: B\u1ea3n \u0110\u1ed3 Quan H\u1ec7 Th\u1ef1c Th\u1ec3 Ho\u00e0n H\u1ea3o C\u00f3 \u0110\u1ea3m B\u1ea3o Ph\u1ea3n H\u1ed3i \u1ee8ng D\u1ee5ng Nhanh Kh\u00f4ng?"},"content":{"rendered":"

Trong th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m, \u00edt kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m n\u00e0o mang tr\u1ecdng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng b\u1eb1ng B\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed3 Quan h\u1ec7 Th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 (ERD). \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 b\u1ea3n v\u1ebd thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n, b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng cho c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n qua c\u1ea3nh quan ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p g\u1ed3m b\u1ea3ng, kh\u00f3a v\u00e0 m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7. Khi \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng b\u1ecb tr\u1ec5, ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed5 l\u1ed7i cho c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac d\u1eef li\u1ec7u. Gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng l\u00e0: n\u1ebfu s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ho\u00e0n h\u1ea3o th\u00ec hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t ph\u1ea3i ho\u00e0n h\u1ea3o.<\/p>\n

\u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t hi\u1ec3u l\u1ea7m ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn. \ud83e\uddd0 M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 ERD \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf t\u1ed1t l\u00e0 n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng, nh\u01b0ng n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p th\u1ea7n k\u1ef3 cho t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9. M\u1ed9t m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh logic ho\u00e0n h\u1ea3o kh\u00f4ng t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9ng chuy\u1ec3n th\u00e0nh th\u1ef1c thi v\u1eadt l\u00fd t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 cao. Hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch gi\u1eefa l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf ch\u1ea1y ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u then ch\u1ed1t \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng v\u1eabn ph\u1ea3n h\u1ed3i t\u1ed1t d\u01b0\u1edbi \u00e1p l\u1ef1c.<\/p>\n

H\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn n\u00e0y kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 l\u00fd do t\u1ea1i sao ERD ho\u00e0n h\u1ea3o kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o th\u1eddi gian ph\u1ea3n h\u1ed3i nhanh v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 quan tr\u1ecdng kh\u00e1c \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u. Ch\u00fang ta s\u1ebd ph\u00e2n t\u00edch t\u1eebng l\u1edbp x\u1eed l\u00fd d\u1eef li\u1ec7u, t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 l\u01b0u tr\u1eef \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9 tr\u1ec5 m\u1ea1ng, \u0111\u1ec3 ti\u1ebft l\u1ed9 c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng.<\/p>\n

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\"Line<\/figure>\n<\/div>\n

\ud83d\udcd0 Hi\u1ec3u R\u00f5 B\u1ea3n \u0110\u1ed3 Quan H\u1ec7 Th\u1ef1c Th\u1ec3<\/h2>\n

Tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi nh\u00fang s\u00e2u v\u00e0o c\u00e1c ch\u1ec9 s\u1ed1 hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t, ch\u00fang ta c\u1ea7n l\u00e0m r\u00f5 ERD th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec. ERD l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m logic. N\u00f3 m\u00f4 t\u1ea3\u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec<\/strong>d\u1eef li\u1ec7u t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i v\u00e0c\u00e1ch<\/strong>n\u00f3 li\u00ean k\u1ebft v\u1edbi d\u1eef li\u1ec7u kh\u00e1c. N\u00f3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 (b\u1ea3ng), thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh (c\u1ed9t) v\u00e0 m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 (kh\u00f3a ngo\u1ea1i).<\/p>\n

    \n
  • Th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3:<\/strong>C\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n d\u01b0\u1edbi d\u1ea1ng b\u1ea3ng.<\/li>\n
  • Thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh:<\/strong>C\u00e1c \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u01b0u tr\u1eef trong c\u00e1c c\u1ed9t.<\/li>\n
  • M\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7:<\/strong>C\u00e1c li\u00ean k\u1ebft gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3, th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o th\u00f4ng qua kh\u00f3a ch\u00ednh v\u00e0 kh\u00f3a ngo\u1ea1i.<\/li>\n
  • S\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng:<\/strong>M\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 (m\u1ed9t-m\u1ed9t, m\u1ed9t-nhi\u1ec1u).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

    M\u1ee5c ti\u00eau ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a ERD l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o t\u00ednh to\u00e0n v\u1eb9n d\u1eef li\u1ec7u. N\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o d\u1eef li\u1ec7u lu\u00f4n nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n, ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng theo th\u1eddi gian. N\u00f3 ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n c\u00e1c b\u1ea3n ghi b\u1ecb b\u1ecf r\u01a1i v\u00e0 duy tr\u00ec t\u00ednh to\u00e0n v\u1eb9n tham chi\u1ebfu. Tuy nhi\u00ean, to\u00e0n v\u1eb9n kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3ng ngh\u0129a v\u1edbi t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9. M\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfc kh\u00f3a gi\u1eef c\u1eeda \u0111\u00f3ng l\u1ea1i b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 n\u1ed9i dung b\u00ean trong, nh\u01b0ng n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m cho c\u1eeda m\u1edf nhanh h\u01a1n.<\/p>\n

    \u26a1 Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng Tr\u00ecnh Hi\u1ec7u Su\u1ea5t: V\u01b0\u1ee3t Ngo\u00e0i C\u1ea5u Tr\u00fac D\u1eef Li\u1ec7u<\/h2>\n

    Th\u1eddi gian ph\u1ea3n h\u1ed3i \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng l\u00e0 t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec1u th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n. C\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n trong ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y. Ngay c\u1ea3 khi \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u truy xu\u1ea5t d\u1eef li\u1ec7u t\u1ee9c th\u00ec, \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng v\u1eabn c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c ch\u1eadm do c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec3m ngh\u1ebdn \u1edf n\u01a1i kh\u00e1c.<\/p>\n

    D\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 ch\u00ednh \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9, th\u01b0\u1eddng che l\u1ea5p thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac d\u1eef li\u1ec7u:<\/p>\n

    1. Chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c Ch\u1ec9 M\u1ee5c<\/h3>\n

    ERD x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh kh\u00f3a ch\u00ednh v\u00e0 kh\u00f3a ngo\u1ea1i, th\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1ea1o ch\u1ec9 m\u1ee5c t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9ng. Tuy nhi\u00ean, nh\u1eefng ch\u1ec9 m\u1ee5c m\u1eb7c \u0111\u1ecbnh n\u00e0y hi\u1ebfm khi \u0111\u1ee7 cho c\u00e1c truy v\u1ea5n ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p. Hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn v\u00e0o c\u00e1c ch\u1ec9 m\u1ee5c ph\u1ee5 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00f9y ch\u1ec9nh cho c\u00e1c m\u1eabu truy v\u1ea5n c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3.<\/p>\n

      \n
    • Thi\u1ebfu Ch\u1ec9 M\u1ee5c:<\/strong>Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 m\u1ee5c tr\u00ean c\u1ed9t th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ecdc, c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u ph\u1ea3i th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n qu\u00e9t to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 b\u1ea3ng. Vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ecdc t\u1eebng h\u00e0ng, khi\u1ebfn t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 ch\u1eadm \u0111i theo c\u1ea5p s\u1ed1 nh\u00e2n tr\u00ean d\u1eef li\u1ec7u l\u1edbn.<\/li>\n
    • Chi ph\u00ed Ch\u1ec9 M\u1ee5c:<\/strong>Qu\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9 m\u1ee5c l\u00e0m ch\u1eadm thao t\u00e1c ghi. M\u1ed7i thao t\u00e1c ch\u00e8n ho\u1eb7c c\u1eadp nh\u1eadt \u0111\u1ec1u y\u00eau c\u1ea7u c\u1eadp nh\u1eadt m\u1ecdi ch\u1ec9 m\u1ee5c li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn b\u1ea3ng \u0111\u00f3.<\/li>\n
    • T\u00ednh ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t:<\/strong>M\u1ed9t ch\u1ec9 m\u1ee5c tr\u00ean c\u1ed9t c\u00f3 t\u00ednh ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t th\u1ea5p (v\u00ed d\u1ee5: gi\u1edbi t\u00ednh ho\u1eb7c tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i) c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ecb b\u1ed9 t\u1ed1i \u01b0u truy v\u1ea5n b\u1ecf qua.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

      2. T\u1ed1i \u01b0u h\u00f3a truy v\u1ea5n<\/h3>\n

      C\u00e1ch d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u quan tr\u1ecdng h\u01a1n c\u00e1ch n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u01b0u tr\u1eef. M\u1ed9t truy v\u1ea5n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ebft k\u00e9m c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m t\u00ea li\u1ec7t m\u1ed9t s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ho\u00e0n h\u1ea3o. C\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn bao g\u1ed3m:<\/p>\n

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      • V\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 N+1:<\/strong>L\u1ea5y b\u1ea3n ghi cha v\u00e0 sau \u0111\u00f3 l\u1eb7p qua n\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea5y t\u1eebng b\u1ea3n ghi con m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ri\u00eang l\u1ebb. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y t\u1ea1o ra nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ea7n \u0111i l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ebfn c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u thay v\u00ec m\u1ed9t l\u1ec7nh JOIN duy nh\u1ea5t.<\/li>\n
      • S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng SELECT *:<\/strong>L\u1ea5y t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c c\u1ed9t l\u00e0m t\u0103ng l\u01b0u l\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u1ea1ng v\u00e0 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng b\u1ed9 nh\u1edb, ngay c\u1ea3 khi ch\u1ec9 c\u1ea7n m\u1ed9t c\u1ed9t.<\/li>\n
      • Chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i ng\u1ea7m \u0111\u1ecbnh:<\/strong>So s\u00e1nh m\u1ed9t chu\u1ed7i v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ho\u1eb7c m\u1ed9t ng\u00e0y v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ng\u0103n vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ch\u1ec9 m\u1ee5c.<\/li>\n
      • C\u00e1c JOIN ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p:<\/strong>K\u1ebft h\u1ee3p nhi\u1ec1u b\u1ea3ng l\u1edbn m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 b\u1ed9 l\u1ecdc ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p l\u00e0m t\u0103ng \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u00ednh to\u00e1n.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

        3. Ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee9ng v\u00e0 C\u01a1 s\u1edf h\u1ea1 t\u1ea7ng<\/h3>\n

        Hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n v\u1eadt l\u00fd. Ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee9ng n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng quy \u0111\u1ecbnh gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n v\u1ec1 hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t.<\/p>\n

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        • Lo\u1ea1i l\u01b0u tr\u1eef:<\/strong>\u1ed4 c\u1ee9ng th\u1ec3 r\u1eafn (SSD) nhanh h\u01a1n \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 so v\u1edbi \u1ed5 c\u1ee9ng truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng (HDD) trong c\u00e1c thao t\u00e1c I\/O ng\u1eabu nhi\u00ean.<\/li>\n
        • B\u1ed9 nh\u1edb (RAM):<\/strong>N\u1ebfu t\u1eadp d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111ang l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c v\u1eeba v\u1eb7n trong RAM, truy v\u1ea5n g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 t\u1ee9c th\u00ec. N\u1ebfu d\u1eef li\u1ec7u ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea5y t\u1eeb \u0111\u0129a, \u0111\u1ed9 tr\u1ec5 s\u1ebd t\u0103ng l\u00ean.<\/li>\n
        • C\u00f4ng su\u1ea5t CPU:<\/strong>C\u00e1c ph\u00e9p t\u00ednh ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p, s\u1eafp x\u1ebfp v\u00e0 t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh x\u1eed l\u00fd.<\/li>\n
        • \u0110\u1ed9 tr\u1ec5 m\u1ea1ng:<\/strong>Kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch gi\u1eefa m\u00e1y ch\u1ee7 \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng v\u00e0 m\u00e1y ch\u1ee7 c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u l\u00e0m t\u0103ng th\u00eam v\u00e0i mili gi\u00e2y cho m\u1ed7i y\u00eau c\u1ea7u.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

          4. \u0110\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi v\u00e0 Kh\u00f3a<\/h3>\n

          Khi nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng truy c\u1eadp h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng c\u00f9ng l\u00fac, c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u ph\u1ea3i qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd c\u00e1c xung \u0111\u1ed9t. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 n\u01a1i hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t th\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ecb suy gi\u1ea3m.<\/p>\n

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          • C\u1ea1nh tranh kh\u00f3a:<\/strong>N\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t giao d\u1ecbch gi\u1eef kh\u00f3a tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t h\u00e0ng, c\u00e1c giao d\u1ecbch kh\u00e1c ph\u1ea3i ch\u1edd. C\u1ea1nh tranh cao d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1eddi gian ch\u1edd v\u01b0\u1ee3t qu\u00e1 gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n v\u00e0 th\u1eddi gian ph\u1ea3n h\u1ed3i ch\u1eadm.<\/li>\n
          • Ch\u1ebft ch\u1eb7n:<\/strong>Hai giao d\u1ecbch ch\u1edd nhau c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u00e2y ra t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng d\u1eebng to\u00e0n h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng.<\/li>\n
          • M\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 c\u00f4 l\u1eadp:<\/strong>C\u00e1c m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 c\u00f4 l\u1eadp cao h\u01a1n (v\u00ed d\u1ee5: Serializble) cung c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o m\u1ea1nh h\u01a1n nh\u01b0ng l\u00e0m gi\u1ea3m kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi v\u00e0 t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

            \ud83d\udcca \u1ea2nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a ERD so v\u1edbi c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t kh\u00e1c<\/h2>\n

            \u0110\u1ec3 tr\u1ef1c quan h\u00f3a \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a ERD so v\u1edbi c\u00e1c bi\u1ebfn kh\u00e1c, h\u00e3y xem ph\u00e2n t\u00edch sau \u0111\u00e2y. B\u1ea3ng n\u00e0y l\u00e0m n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt n\u01a1i ERD mang l\u1ea1i gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 n\u01a1i n\u00f3 thi\u1ebfu hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
            Y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1<\/th>\n\u1ea2nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ecdc<\/th>\n\u1ea2nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 ghi<\/th>\nVai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a ERD<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n
            C\u1ea5u tr\u00fac l\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3 b\u1ea3ng<\/td>\nTrung b\u00ecnh<\/td>\nTrung b\u00ecnh<\/td>\nX\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 v\u00e0 chu\u1ea9n h\u00f3a.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
            Ch\u1ec9 m\u1ee5c<\/td>\nCao<\/td>\nTh\u1ea5p<\/td>\nERD x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1c kh\u00f3a, nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c ch\u1ec9 m\u1ee5c.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
            Logic truy v\u1ea5n<\/td>\nR\u1ea5t cao<\/td>\nTrung b\u00ecnh<\/td>\nERD kh\u00f4ng quy \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00fa ph\u00e1p truy v\u1ea5n.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
            T\u00e0i nguy\u00ean ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee9ng<\/td>\nCao<\/td>\nCao<\/td>\nKh\u00f4ng c\u00f3. Kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o l\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
            \u0110\u1ed9 tr\u1ec5 m\u1ea1ng<\/td>\nCao<\/td>\nTrung b\u00ecnh<\/td>\nKh\u00f4ng c\u00f3. Kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o l\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
            B\u1ec3 k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i<\/td>\nTrung b\u00ecnh<\/td>\nTrung b\u00ecnh<\/td>\nKh\u00f4ng c\u00f3. C\u1ea5u h\u00ecnh \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

            \ud83e\uddf1 S\u1ef1 \u0111\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ed5i chu\u1ea9n h\u00f3a<\/h2>\n

            M\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tranh lu\u1eadn nhi\u1ec1u nh\u1ea5t trong thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u l\u00e0 chu\u1ea9n h\u00f3a. ERD th\u01b0\u1eddng h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ebfn d\u1ea1ng chu\u1ea9n h\u00f3a th\u1ee9 ba (3NF) \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3m thi\u1ec3u s\u1ef1 tr\u00f9ng l\u1eb7p. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y ti\u1ebft ki\u1ec7m kh\u00f4ng gian v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o t\u00ednh nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n, nh\u01b0ng n\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m gi\u1ea3m hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t.<\/p>\n

            Khi d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chu\u1ea9n h\u00f3a cao, m\u1ed9t th\u00f4ng tin duy nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u01b0u tr\u1eef \u1edf m\u1ed9t n\u01a1i. \u0110\u1ec3 truy xu\u1ea5t n\u00f3, h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ph\u1ea3i \u0111i qua nhi\u1ec1u ph\u00e9p JOIN. M\u1ed7i ph\u00e9p JOIN \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0m t\u0103ng chi ph\u00ed t\u00ednh to\u00e1n.<\/p>\n

            H\u00e3y xem x\u00e9t m\u1ed9t t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng m\u00e0 b\u1ea1n c\u1ea7n hi\u1ec3n th\u1ecb h\u1ed3 s\u01a1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi \u0111\u01a1n h\u00e0ng m\u1edbi nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 chi ti\u1ebft s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m. Trong m\u1ed9t s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ERD chu\u1ea9n h\u00f3a, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p b\u1ed1n b\u1ea3ng. N\u1ebfu c\u00e1c b\u1ea3ng n\u00e0y l\u1edbn, CPU s\u1ebd m\u1ea5t th\u1eddi gian \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ec3 s\u1eafp x\u1ebfp v\u00e0 so kh\u1edbp c\u00e1c h\u00e0ng.<\/p>\n

            Phi chu\u1ea9n h\u00f3a<\/strong> l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed1i ph\u00f3 v\u1edbi v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y. N\u00f3 bao g\u1ed3m vi\u1ec7c sao ch\u00e9p d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3m nhu c\u1ea7u v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c ph\u00e9p JOIN. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ecdc nh\u01b0ng l\u00e0m ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p c\u00e1c thao t\u00e1c ghi v\u00e0 ti\u1ec1m \u1ea9n nguy c\u01a1 b\u1ea5t nh\u1ea5t d\u1eef li\u1ec7u. M\u1ed9t s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ERD ho\u00e0n h\u1ea3o kh\u00f4ng t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9ng quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh \u1edf \u0111\u00e2u c\u1ea7n v\u1ebd ranh gi\u1edbi n\u00e0y. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ecdc\/ghi.<\/p>\n

            \ud83d\udd0d T\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u s\u00e2u: K\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch th\u1ef1c thi truy v\u1ea5n<\/h2>\n

            C\u01a1 ch\u1ebf c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u kh\u00f4ng th\u1ef1c thi truy v\u1ea5n \u0111\u00fang nh\u01b0 c\u00e1ch vi\u1ebft. N\u00f3 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch y\u00eau c\u1ea7u v\u00e0 t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t K\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch th\u1ef1c thi<\/strong>. K\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch n\u00e0y x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh th\u1ee9 t\u1ef1 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c thao t\u00e1c, ch\u1ec9 m\u1ee5c n\u00e0o c\u1ea7n s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng, v\u00e0 li\u1ec7u c\u00f3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n qu\u00e9t hay t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm hay kh\u00f4ng.<\/p>\n

            M\u1ed9t s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ERD cung c\u1ea5p th\u00f4ng tin m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 v\u1ec1 ki\u1ec3u d\u1eef li\u1ec7u v\u00e0 r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c. Tuy nhi\u00ean, tr\u00ecnh t\u1ed1i \u01b0u s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng th\u1ed1ng k\u00ea v\u1ec1 ph\u00e2n b\u1ed1 d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0a ra quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh. N\u1ebfu th\u1ed1ng k\u00ea \u0111\u00e3 l\u1ed7i th\u1eddi, tr\u00ecnh t\u1ed1i \u01b0u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ecdn m\u1ed9t k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch kh\u00f4ng t\u1ed1i \u01b0u, b\u1ecf qua c\u00e1c ch\u1ec9 m\u1ee5c t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t c\u00f3 s\u1eb5n.<\/p>\n

            V\u00ed d\u1ee5, n\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3ng c\u00f3 10 tri\u1ec7u h\u00e0ng nh\u01b0ng th\u1ed1ng k\u00ea cho r\u1eb1ng n\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 100 h\u00e0ng, tr\u00ecnh t\u1ed1i \u01b0u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u1eb1ng qu\u00e9t to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 b\u1ea3ng r\u1ebb h\u01a1n so v\u1edbi t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm ch\u1ec9 m\u1ee5c. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t ch\u1eadm d\u00f9 s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ERD \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf t\u1ed1t.<\/p>\n

            \ud83d\udee1\ufe0f T\u00ednh to\u00e0n v\u1eb9n d\u1eef li\u1ec7u so v\u1edbi t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9<\/h2>\n

            Lu\u00f4n t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn n\u1ed9i t\u1ea1i gi\u1eefa vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o t\u00ednh to\u00e0n v\u1eb9n d\u1eef li\u1ec7u v\u00e0 t\u1ed1i \u0111a h\u00f3a t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9. M\u1ed9t s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ERD bu\u1ed9c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c quy t\u1eafc to\u00e0n v\u1eb9n nh\u01b0 r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c v\u00e0 trigger.<\/p>\n

              \n
            • R\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c Kh\u00f3a ngo\u1ea1i:<\/strong> \u0110\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o t\u00ednh to\u00e0n v\u1eb9n tham chi\u1ebfu. Khi x\u00f3a ho\u1eb7c c\u1eadp nh\u1eadt, h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ph\u1ea3i ki\u1ec3m tra c\u00e1c b\u1ea3ng li\u00ean quan. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y l\u00e0m t\u0103ng \u0111\u1ed9 tr\u1ec5 cho c\u00e1c thao t\u00e1c ghi.<\/li>\n
            • Trigger:<\/strong> C\u00e1c \u0111o\u1ea1n m\u00e3 t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9ng ch\u1ea1y khi d\u1eef li\u1ec7u thay \u0111\u1ed5i. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 h\u1eefu \u00edch cho logic, ch\u00fang l\u00e0m t\u0103ng th\u1eddi gian x\u1eed l\u00fd cho m\u1ed7i giao d\u1ecbch.<\/li>\n
            • R\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c duy nh\u1ea5t:<\/strong> Y\u00eau c\u1ea7u h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ki\u1ec3m tra c\u00e1c gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb hi\u1ec7n c\u00f3 tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi ch\u00e8n gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb m\u1edbi.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

              Trong c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng c\u00f3 l\u01b0u l\u01b0\u1ee3ng cao, c\u00e1c ki\u1ec3m tra n\u00e0y \u0111\u00f4i khi b\u1ecb v\u00f4 hi\u1ec7u h\u00f3a ho\u1eb7c ho\u00e3n l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9. M\u1ed9t s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ERD ho\u00e0n h\u1ea3o bao g\u1ed3m t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c quy t\u1eafc n\u00e0y, nh\u01b0ng m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t cao c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u1ea7n m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh.<\/p>\n

              \ud83d\udea6 C\u00e1c b\u01b0\u1edbc th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ed1i \u01b0u h\u00f3a<\/h2>\n

              N\u1ebfu \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n ch\u1ea1y ch\u1eadm, \u0111\u1eebng v\u1ed9i v\u00e0ng v\u1ebd l\u1ea1i s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ERD. H\u00e3y tu\u00e2n theo m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111i\u1ec3m ngh\u1ebdn.<\/p>\n

              1. Ph\u00e2n t\u00edch c\u00e1c truy v\u1ea5n ch\u1eadm<\/h3>\n

              B\u1eadt ghi nh\u1eadt k\u00fd truy v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec3 ghi l\u1ea1i c\u00e1c c\u00e2u l\u1ec7nh ch\u1ea1y l\u00e2u. S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch \u0111\u1ec3 xem th\u1eddi gian \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u00eau t\u1ed1n \u1edf \u0111\u00e2u. C\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i \u0111ang ch\u1edd kh\u00f3a? C\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i \u0111ang qu\u00e9t c\u00e1c h\u00e0ng? C\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i \u0111ang x\u1eed l\u00fd logic?<\/p>\n

              2. Xem x\u00e9t vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ch\u1ec9 m\u1ee5c<\/h3>\n

              Ki\u1ec3m tra ch\u1ec9 m\u1ee5c n\u00e0o th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 \u0111ang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng. C\u00e1c ch\u1ec9 m\u1ee5c kh\u00f4ng d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ebd chi\u1ebfm dung l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u01b0u tr\u1eef v\u00e0 l\u00e0m ch\u1eadm thao t\u00e1c ghi. T\u1ea1o c\u00e1c ch\u1ec9 m\u1ee5c ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi c\u00e1c m\u1ec7nh \u0111\u1ec1 WHERE v\u00e0 JOIN trong c\u00e1c truy v\u1ea5n th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n.<\/p>\n

              3. T\u1ed1i \u01b0u ph\u00e2n b\u1ed5 ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee9ng<\/h3>\n

              \u0110\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o m\u00e1y ch\u1ee7 c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ee7 RAM \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ec7m t\u1eadp d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111ang ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng. N\u1ebfu c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u b\u1ecb gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n b\u1edfi b\u1ed9 nh\u1edb, vi\u1ec7c th\u00eam RAM s\u1ebd mang l\u1ea1i k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 ngay l\u1eadp t\u1ee9c. N\u1ebfu b\u1ecb gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n b\u1edfi CPU, b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u1ea7n n\u00e2ng c\u1ea5p b\u1ed9 x\u1eed l\u00fd ho\u1eb7c t\u1ed1i \u01b0u h\u00f3a m\u00e3 ngu\u1ed3n.<\/p>\n

              4. Tri\u1ec3n khai b\u1ed9 nh\u1edb \u0111\u1ec7m<\/h3>\n

              Kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i m\u1ecdi y\u00eau c\u1ea7u n\u00e0o c\u0169ng c\u1ea7n truy c\u1eadp c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u. S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng b\u1ed9 nh\u1edb \u0111\u1ec7m trong RAM (nh\u01b0 Redis ho\u1eb7c Memcached) cho d\u1eef li\u1ec7u th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean truy c\u1eadp. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y gi\u00fap b\u1ecf qua ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c thao t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecdc.<\/p>\n

              5. Gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi<\/h3>\n

              Theo d\u00f5i c\u00e1c t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng ch\u1edd kh\u00f3a. N\u1ebfu ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng \u0111ang g\u1eb7p th\u1eddi gian ch\u1edd qu\u00e1 l\u00e2u, h\u00e3y xem l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ed9 d\u00e0i giao d\u1ecbch. Gi\u1eef c\u00e1c giao d\u1ecbch ng\u1eafn \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng kh\u00f3a nhanh ch\u00f3ng.<\/p>\n

              \ud83d\udd04 Vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a l\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3<\/h2>\n

              C\u00e1c \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng thay \u0111\u1ed5i. Y\u00eau c\u1ea7u thay \u0111\u1ed5i theo th\u1eddi gian. L\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3 ERD ph\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi doanh nghi\u1ec7p. M\u1ed9t l\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3 t\u1eebng ho\u00e0n h\u1ea3o s\u00e1u th\u00e1ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e3 l\u1ed7i th\u1eddi h\u00f4m nay do c\u00e1c t\u00ednh n\u0103ng m\u1edbi ho\u1eb7c kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u t\u0103ng l\u00ean.<\/p>\n

              Chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c di chuy\u1ec3n d\u1eef li\u1ec7u l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u quan tr\u1ecdng. Chuy\u1ec3n d\u1eef li\u1ec7u t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3ng nh\u1ecf sang m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3ng l\u1edbn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chia th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c ph\u00e2n v\u00f9ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t. Thay \u0111\u1ed5i ki\u1ec3u d\u1eef li\u1ec7u t\u1eebVARCHAR<\/code> sang INT<\/code>c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3m dung l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u01b0u tr\u1eef v\u00e0 c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 qu\u00e9t d\u1eef li\u1ec7u. Nh\u1eefng quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n sau khi l\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3 ERD ban \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o ra.<\/p>\n

              C\u00e1c l\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3 ERD t\u0129nh kh\u00f4ng t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u. Khi d\u1eef li\u1ec7u m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng, \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t thay \u0111\u1ed5i. M\u1ed9t thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf t\u1eebng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1ed1t v\u1edbi 10.000 b\u1ea3n ghi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i khi \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn 10 tri\u1ec7u b\u1ea3n ghi. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 l\u00fd do t\u1ea1i sao t\u1ed1i \u01b0u hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh li\u00ean t\u1ee5c, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n.<\/p>\n

              \ud83e\udde9 C\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 c\u1ea7n xem x\u00e9t trong NoSQL<\/h2>\n

              Kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 ERD \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u quan h\u1ec7. Trong m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng NoSQL, m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh d\u1eef li\u1ec7u kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t. C\u00e1c c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u, c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u kh\u00f3a-gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ed3 th\u1ecb x\u1eed l\u00fd m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 theo c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c nhau.<\/p>\n

              Trong m\u1ed9t c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u, d\u1eef li\u1ec7u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u00fang \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh c\u00e1c thao t\u00e1c n\u1ed1i (join). \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y m\u00f4 ph\u1ecfng vi\u1ec7c lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf chu\u1ea9n h\u00f3a theo thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf. Trong c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ed3 th\u1ecb, c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u01b0u tr\u1eef r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ed1i \u01b0u h\u00f3a vi\u1ec7c duy\u1ec7t.<\/p>\n

              S\u1ef1 m\u00ea t\u00edn v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c ERD \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t c\u00f2n r\u00f5 r\u1ec7t h\u01a1n \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y. Trong NoSQL, l\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3 th\u01b0\u1eddng linh ho\u1ea1t ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u1ed9ng. Hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u v\u00e0o c\u00e1c m\u1eabu truy c\u1eadp \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a trong m\u00e3 \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 c\u1ee9ng nh\u1eafc.<\/p>\n

              \ud83c\udfc1 Nh\u1eefng suy ngh\u0129 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng v\u1ec1 ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac d\u1eef li\u1ec7u<\/h2>\n

              X\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng m\u1ed9t \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng nhanh \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi c\u00e1i nh\u00ecn to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n. ERD l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec3m kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ea7u then ch\u1ed1t, \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch h\u1ee3p l\u00fd. N\u00f3 ng\u0103n ng\u1eeba s\u1ef1 h\u1ed7n lo\u1ea1n v\u00e0 duy tr\u00ec t\u00ednh to\u00e0n v\u1eb9n. Tuy nhi\u00ean, n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9.<\/p>\n

              Hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t l\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 ph\u1ed1i h\u1ee3p gi\u1eefa:<\/p>\n

                \n
              • M\u1ed9t m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh logic v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc.<\/li>\n
              • Ch\u1ec9 m\u1ee5c chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c.<\/li>\n
              • Vi\u1ebft truy v\u1ea5n hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3.<\/li>\n
              • Ngu\u1ed3n l\u1ef1c ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7.<\/li>\n
              • C\u1ea5u h\u00ecnh m\u1ea1ng ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p.<\/li>\n
              • Chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ed9 nh\u1edb \u0111\u1ec7m hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                C\u1ee9 blame l\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3 cho th\u1eddi gian ph\u1ea3n h\u1ed3i ch\u1eadm l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch l\u00e0m t\u1eaft d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c s\u1eeda sai. M\u1ed9t s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ho\u00e0n h\u1ea3o tr\u00ean gi\u1ea5y kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 b\u00f9 \u0111\u1eafp cho \u1ed5 \u0111\u0129a ch\u1eadm, th\u1eddi gian ch\u1edd m\u1ea1ng ho\u1eb7c truy v\u1ea5n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ebft k\u00e9m. K\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi ph\u1ea3i nh\u00ecn xa h\u01a1n b\u1ea3n v\u1ebd s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ec3 xem x\u00e9t lu\u1ed3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf.<\/p>\n

                Khi b\u1ea1n ki\u1ec3m to\u00e1n h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, h\u00e3y b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u b\u1eb1ng ERD \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o t\u00ednh ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c. Sau \u0111\u00f3, chuy\u1ec3n sang k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch th\u1ef1c thi \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3. Cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng, \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 h\u1ea1 t\u1ea7ng \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ch\u1ecbu t\u1ea3i. Ch\u1ec9 khi gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c l\u1edbp th\u00ec b\u1ea1n m\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed9 nh\u1ea1y ph\u1ea3n h\u1ed3i m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng mong \u0111\u1ee3i.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

                Trong th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m, \u00edt kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m n\u00e0o mang tr\u1ecdng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng b\u1eb1ng B\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed3 Quan h\u1ec7 Th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 (ERD). \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 b\u1ea3n v\u1ebd thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":1644,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_title":"S\u1ef1 th\u1eadt v\u1ec1 hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t ERD: Thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9? \ud83d\ude80","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"Li\u1ec7u m\u1ed9t s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 quan h\u1ec7 th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 ho\u00e0n h\u1ea3o c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o ph\u1ea3n h\u1ed3i nhanh cho \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng hay kh\u00f4ng? Kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf l\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3 c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u, ch\u1ec9 m\u1ee5c v\u00e0 c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf.","fifu_image_url":"","fifu_image_alt":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[68],"tags":[89,92],"class_list":["post-1643","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-database-design","tag-academic","tag-erd"],"yoast_head":"\nS\u1ef1 th\u1eadt v\u1ec1 hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t ERD: Thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9? \ud83d\ude80<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Li\u1ec7u m\u1ed9t s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 quan h\u1ec7 th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 ho\u00e0n h\u1ea3o c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o ph\u1ea3n h\u1ed3i nhanh cho \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng hay kh\u00f4ng? 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