{"id":1629,"date":"2026-04-08T23:18:07","date_gmt":"2026-04-08T23:18:07","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.viz-note.com\/vi\/entity-relationship-diagram-semantics-sql-nosql\/"},"modified":"2026-04-08T23:18:07","modified_gmt":"2026-04-08T23:18:07","slug":"entity-relationship-diagram-semantics-sql-nosql","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.viz-note.com\/vi\/entity-relationship-diagram-semantics-sql-nosql\/","title":{"rendered":"T\u1ed5ng quan to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n v\u1ec1 ng\u1eef ngh\u0129a s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 quan h\u1ec7 th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 trong c\u00e1c m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng SQL v\u00e0 NoSQL"},"content":{"rendered":"

Thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf m\u1ed9t ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac d\u1eef li\u1ec7u m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft s\u00e2u s\u1eafc v\u1ec1 c\u00e1ch th\u00f4ng tin k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i, li\u00ean h\u1ec7 v\u00e0 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i. \u1ede trung t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf n\u00e0y l\u00e0 S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 quan h\u1ec7 th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 (ERD). M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng g\u1eafn li\u1ec1n v\u1edbi c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u quan h\u1ec7, ng\u1eef ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a ERD \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng nhu c\u1ea7u \u0111a d\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng NoSQL hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i. H\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn n\u00e0y kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 nh\u1eefng tinh t\u1ebf trong vi\u1ec7c m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 d\u1eef li\u1ec7u qua c\u00e1c m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh l\u01b0u tr\u1eef kh\u00e1c nhau, \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o t\u00ednh to\u00e0n v\u1eb9n c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng hy sinh hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t.<\/p>\n

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\"Hand-drawn<\/figure>\n<\/div>\n

Nh\u1eefng kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \ud83c\udfd7\ufe0f<\/h2>\n

Tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi \u0111i s\u00e2u v\u00e0o c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3, \u0111i\u1ec1u c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft l\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp m\u1ed9t t\u1eeb v\u1ef1ng chung. S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 quan h\u1ec7 th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3n v\u1ebd s\u01a1 b\u1ed9 tr\u1ef1c quan. N\u00f3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 (b\u1ea3ng, b\u1ed9 s\u01b0u t\u1eadp ho\u1eb7c t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u), c\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang (c\u1ed9t, tr\u01b0\u1eddng ho\u1eb7c thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh), v\u00e0 c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i ch\u00fang.<\/p>\n

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  • Th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3:<\/strong> M\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng ho\u1eb7c kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t trong l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c kinh doanh. Trong ng\u1eef c\u1ea3nh c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 Ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng, S\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m ho\u1eb7c \u0110\u01a1n h\u00e0ng.<\/li>\n
  • Thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh:<\/strong> M\u1ed9t thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3. C\u00e1c v\u00ed d\u1ee5 bao g\u1ed3m id<\/em>, t\u00ean<\/em>, t\u1ea1o_t\u1ea1i<\/em>, ho\u1eb7c tr\u1ea1ng_th\u00e1i<\/em>.<\/li>\n
  • M\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7:<\/strong> S\u1ef1 li\u00ean k\u1ebft gi\u1eefa hai th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1ch d\u1eef li\u1ec7u trong m\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i v\u1edbi d\u1eef li\u1ec7u trong th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 kh\u00e1c.<\/li>\n
  • S\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng:<\/strong> Kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7. N\u00f3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t-m\u1ed9t, m\u1ed9t-nhi\u1ec1u hay nhi\u1ec1u-nhi\u1ec1u.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

    Khi t\u1ea1o ERD, m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau l\u00e0 bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n logic th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng. M\u1ed9t s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng t\u1ed1t s\u1ebd gi\u1ea3m thi\u1ec3u s\u1ef1 m\u01a1 h\u1ed3 cho c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c truy v\u1ea5n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ebft hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n sau n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n

    Ng\u1eef ngh\u0129a trong m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng quan h\u1ec7 \ud83d\uddc3\ufe0f<\/h2>\n

    Trong m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh quan h\u1ec7, d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u01b0u tr\u1eef trong c\u00e1c b\u1ea3ng v\u1edbi l\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3 nghi\u00eam ng\u1eb7t. Ng\u1eef ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a ERD \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y c\u1ee9ng nh\u1eafc v\u00e0 b\u1ecb chi ph\u1ed1i b\u1edfi l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p v\u00e0 c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc d\u1ea1ng chu\u1ea9n th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t. M\u1ecdi m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u th\u1ef1c thi \u0111\u1ec3 duy tr\u00ec t\u00ednh to\u00e0n v\u1eb9n tham chi\u1ebfu.<\/p>\n

    1. Vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a kh\u00f3a ngo\u1ea1i<\/h3>\n

    Kh\u00f3a ngo\u1ea1i l\u00e0 n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ERD quan h\u1ec7. Ch\u00fang k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i c\u00e1c b\u1ea3ng v\u1edbi nhau v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t v\u1eadt l\u00fd. Khi m\u1ed9t ERD hi\u1ec3n th\u1ecb m\u1ed9t \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng n\u1ed1i gi\u1eefa hai b\u1ea3ng, vi\u1ec7c tri\u1ec3n khai d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o c\u1ed9t kh\u00f3a ngo\u1ea1i trong b\u1ea3ng con tham chi\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ebfn kh\u00f3a ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a b\u1ea3ng cha.<\/p>\n

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    • Tri\u1ec3n khai:<\/strong> M\u1ed9t gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb s\u1ed1 h\u1ecdc ho\u1eb7c ch\u1eef s\u1ed1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u01b0u trong m\u1ed9t c\u1ed9t.<\/li>\n
    • R\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c:<\/strong> C\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n c\u00e1c b\u1ea3n ghi b\u1ecb b\u1ecf r\u01a1i. B\u1ea1n kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ch\u00e8n gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb v\u00e0o c\u1ed9t kh\u00f3a ngo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb khi gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb \u0111\u00f3 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i trong kh\u00f3a ch\u00ednh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tham chi\u1ebfu.<\/li>\n
    • T\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng lan truy\u1ec1n:<\/strong> C\u00e1c thao t\u00e1c tr\u00ean b\u1ea3n ghi cha (x\u00f3a ho\u1eb7c c\u1eadp nh\u1eadt) c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9ng lan truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c b\u1ea3n ghi con d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean c\u00e1c quy t\u1eafc \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

      2. Chu\u1ea9n h\u00f3a v\u00e0 to\u00e0n v\u1eb9n<\/h3>\n

      C\u00e1c s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ERD quan h\u1ec7 \u01b0u ti\u00ean chu\u1ea9n h\u00f3a. Qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y gi\u1ea3m thi\u1ec3u s\u1ef1 tr\u00f9ng l\u1eb7p d\u1eef li\u1ec7u b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m logic. M\u1ed9t s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ERD \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chu\u1ea9n h\u00f3a t\u1ed1t th\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u00f4ng ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p h\u01a1n do s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng b\u1ea3ng tham gia.<\/p>\n

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      • 1NF:<\/strong> \u0110\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o t\u00ednh nguy\u00ean t\u1eed; m\u1ed7i \u00f4 ch\u1ec9 ch\u1ee9a m\u1ed9t gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb duy nh\u1ea5t.<\/li>\n
      • 2NF:<\/strong> Lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf c\u00e1c ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c ri\u00eang ph\u1ea7n; c\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 kh\u00f3a ch\u00ednh.<\/li>\n
      • 3NF:<\/strong> Lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf c\u00e1c ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c b\u1eafc c\u1ea7u; c\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i kh\u00f3a ch\u1ec9 ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o kh\u00f3a ch\u00ednh.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

        C\u1ea5u tr\u00fac n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o d\u1eef li\u1ec7u lu\u00f4n nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n. N\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng thay \u0111\u1ed5i t\u00ean c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, thay \u0111\u1ed5i s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1eadp nh\u1eadt t\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t n\u01a1i duy nh\u1ea5t, v\u00e0 m\u1ecdi b\u1ea3n ghi tham chi\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng \u0111\u00f3 s\u1ebd th\u1ea5y thay \u0111\u1ed5i ngay l\u1eadp t\u1ee9c.<\/p>\n

        3. X\u1eed l\u00fd m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 Nhi\u1ec1u-\u0110a<\/h3>\n

        C\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 Nhi\u1ec1u-\u0110a mang \u00fd ngh\u0129a kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t ng\u1eef ngh\u0129a trong c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng quan h\u1ec7. B\u1ea1n kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 li\u00ean k\u1ebft tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp hai b\u1ea3ng trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p n\u00e0y. Thay v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, c\u1ea7n m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3ng trung gian (b\u1ea3ng giao nhau) \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n.<\/p>\n

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        • C\u1ea5u tr\u00fac:<\/strong> M\u1ed9t b\u1ea3ng ch\u1ee9a kh\u00f3a ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3 hai th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 li\u00ean quan.<\/li>\n
        • Ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng:<\/strong> B\u1ea3ng n\u00e0y \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t c\u1ea7u n\u1ed1i, cho ph\u00e9p nhi\u1ec1u b\u1ea3n ghi trong Th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 A li\u00ean k\u1ebft v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u b\u1ea3n ghi trong Th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 B.<\/li>\n
        • Truy v\u1ea5n:<\/strong>Vi\u1ec7c truy xu\u1ea5t d\u1eef li\u1ec7u n\u00e0y y\u00eau c\u1ea7u m\u1ed9t thao t\u00e1cJOIN<\/code> n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ec9 m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00fang c\u00e1ch, thao t\u00e1c n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ed1n k\u00e9m v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t t\u00ednh to\u00e1n tr\u00ean c\u00e1c t\u1eadp d\u1eef li\u1ec7u l\u1edbn.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

          Ng\u1eef ngh\u0129a trong m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng NoSQL \ud83d\udce6<\/h2>\n

          C\u00e1c c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u NoSQL mang l\u1ea1i t\u00ednh linh ho\u1ea1t. Ng\u1eef ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ERD chuy\u1ec3n t\u1eeb vi\u1ec7c ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac sang bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n logic. S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn m\u1eabu thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf h\u01a1n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a l\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3 nghi\u00eam ng\u1eb7t. C\u00e1c m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh NoSQL kh\u00e1c nhau x\u1eed l\u00fd m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 theo c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c nhau.<\/p>\n

          1. C\u1eeda h\u00e0ng t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u v\u00e0 nh\u00fang<\/h3>\n

          Trong c\u00e1c c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u, d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u01b0u tr\u1eef d\u01b0\u1edbi d\u1ea1ng c\u00e1c t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 JSON. S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ERD th\u01b0\u1eddng g\u1ee3i \u00fd vi\u1ec7c nh\u00fang d\u1eef li\u1ec7u li\u00ean quan tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp b\u00ean trong m\u1ed9t t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u duy nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ed1i \u01b0u hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecdc.<\/p>\n

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          • M\u1ed9t-\u0110a:<\/strong> M\u1ed9t t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u cha c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9a m\u1ed9t m\u1ea3ng c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng con. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y tr\u00e1nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ec7c c\u1ea7n th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n thao t\u00e1c JOIN khi truy xu\u1ea5t d\u1eef li\u1ec7u.<\/li>\n
          • H\u1ec7 qu\u1ea3:<\/strong> Vi\u1ec7c c\u1eadp nh\u1eadt d\u1eef li\u1ec7u con y\u00eau c\u1ea7u ghi \u0111\u00e8 to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u cha. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn xung \u0111\u1ed9t n\u1ebfu t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u cha tr\u1edf n\u00ean r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn.<\/li>\n
          • \u0110\u1ecdc so v\u1edbi Ghi:<\/strong> C\u00e1ch ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn n\u00e0y t\u1ed1i \u01b0u cho thao t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecdc. N\u00f3 hy sinh hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t ghi v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 tr\u00f9ng l\u1eb7p d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 cao.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

            2. C\u1eeda h\u00e0ng kh\u00f3a-gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb<\/h3>\n

            C\u00e1c c\u1eeda h\u00e0ng kh\u00f3a-gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb x\u1eed l\u00fd d\u1eef li\u1ec7u nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c kh\u1ed1i d\u1eef li\u1ec7u kh\u00f4ng trong su\u1ed1t. Ng\u1eef ngh\u0129a ERD \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 t\u1ed1i thi\u1ec3u. C\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c suy ra b\u1edfi l\u1edbp \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng thay v\u00ec \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u.<\/p>\n

              \n
            • Tham chi\u1ebfu:<\/strong>C\u00e1c t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u th\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u1ee9a m\u1ed9t ID tham chi\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u kh\u00e1c, t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 kh\u00f3a ngo\u1ea1i, nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c th\u1ef1c thi.<\/li>\n
            • Tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m:<\/strong>Logic \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o r\u1eb1ng ID tham chi\u1ebfu t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i v\u00e0 h\u1ee3p l\u1ec7. Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c \u1edf c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u.<\/li>\n
            • Tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng:<\/strong>T\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t cho vi\u1ec7c l\u01b0u \u0111\u1ec7m, qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd phi\u00ean, ho\u1eb7c c\u00e1c c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac d\u1eef li\u1ec7u linh ho\u1ea1t cao n\u01a1i m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 \u01b0u ti\u00ean ch\u00ednh.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

              3. C\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ed3 th\u1ecb<\/h3>\n

              C\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ed3 th\u1ecb \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t cho c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7. ERD trong ng\u1eef c\u1ea3nh n\u00e0y \u00e1nh x\u1ea1 tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp sang c\u00e1c n\u00fat v\u00e0 c\u1ea1nh. \u0110\u00e2y c\u00f3 l\u1ebd l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch di\u1ec5n gi\u1ea3i tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 Th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3-M\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7.<\/p>\n

                \n
              • N\u00fat:<\/strong>\u0110\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 (v\u00ed d\u1ee5: Ng\u01b0\u1eddi, \u0110\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m).<\/li>\n
              • C\u1ea1nh:<\/strong>\u0110\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 (v\u00ed d\u1ee5: S\u1ed0NG_T\u1ea0I, BI\u1ebeT).<\/li>\n
              • Thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh:<\/strong>C\u1ea3 n\u00fat v\u00e0 c\u1ea1nh \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 c\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh \u0111\u00ednh k\u00e8m.<\/li>\n
              • Duy\u1ec7t:<\/strong>C\u00e1c truy v\u1ea5n \u0111i theo c\u00e1c c\u1ea1nh. M\u1ed9t m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 thao t\u00e1c tra c\u1ee9u; m\u00e0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u00e0nh tr\u00ecnh theo \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111i.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                Ph\u00e2n t\u00edch so s\u00e1nh c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a \ud83d\udcca<\/h2>\n

                Hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00e0y s\u1ebd gi\u00fap ch\u1ecdn \u0111\u00fang c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 cho c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c. B\u1ea3ng sau \u0111\u00e2y n\u00eau r\u00f5 c\u00e1ch ng\u1eef ngh\u0129a ERD \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i qua c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
                T\u00ednh n\u0103ng<\/th>\nQuan h\u1ec7 (SQL)<\/th>\nC\u1eeda h\u00e0ng t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u<\/th>\nC\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ed3 th\u1ecb<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n
                C\u1ea5u tr\u00fac d\u1eef li\u1ec7u<\/strong><\/td>\nB\u1ea3ng v\u1edbi c\u00e1c h\u00e0ng v\u00e0 c\u1ed9t<\/td>\nT\u00e0i li\u1ec7u JSON<\/td>\nN\u00fat v\u00e0 c\u1ea1nh<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                Th\u1ef1c thi m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7<\/strong><\/td>\nKh\u00f3a ngo\u1ea1i (ng\u1eb7t ngh\u00e8o)<\/td>\nTh\u1ee7 c\u00f4ng \/ C\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng<\/td>\nTham chi\u1ebfu c\u1ea1nh t\u00edch h\u1ee3p<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                Truy v\u1ea5n m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7<\/strong><\/td>\nThao t\u00e1c JOIN<\/td>\nT\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm ho\u1eb7c nh\u00fang<\/td>\nDuy\u1ec7t theo \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111i<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                T\u00ednh linh ho\u1ea1t c\u1ee7a l\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3<\/strong><\/td>\nL\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3 c\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/td>\nL\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/td>\nB\u00e1n c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                Tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ch\u00ednh<\/strong><\/td>\n\u0110\u1ed9 to\u00e0n v\u1eb9n giao d\u1ecbch<\/td>\nQu\u1ea3n l\u00fd n\u1ed9i dung \/ C\u00e1c c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac ph\u00e2n c\u1ea5p<\/td>\nM\u1ea1ng l\u01b0\u1edbi \/ \u0110\u1ed3 th\u1ecb x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                Chu\u1ea9n h\u00f3a<\/strong><\/td>\nCao (3NF \/ BCNF)<\/td>\nTh\u1ea5p (kh\u00f4ng chu\u1ea9n h\u00f3a)<\/td>\nKh\u00f4ng \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

                M\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7: M\u1ed9t kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 s\u00e2u \ud83d\udd17<\/h2>\n

                C\u00e1ch c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n trong s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ERD quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1c m\u1eabu truy v\u1ea5n v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng. H\u00e3y c\u00f9ng xem x\u00e9t chi ti\u1ebft c\u00e1c c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 quan h\u1ec7 c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3.<\/p>\n

                M\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 m\u1ed9t-m\u1ed9t<\/h3>\n

                \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n nh\u1ea5t. M\u1ed9t b\u1ea3n ghi trong B\u1ea3ng A t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3n ghi trong B\u1ea3ng B.<\/p>\n

                  \n
                • Tri\u1ec3n khai SQL:<\/strong> M\u1ed9t kh\u00f3a ngo\u1ea1i trong b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 b\u1ea3ng n\u00e0o v\u1edbi r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c duy nh\u1ea5t.<\/li>\n
                • Tri\u1ec3n khai NoSQL:<\/strong> Th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ed9p v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u duy nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh tham chi\u1ebfu, ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u01b0u ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t tham chi\u1ebfu duy nh\u1ea5t.<\/li>\n
                • Khi n\u00e0o n\u00ean s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng:<\/strong> H\u1ed3 s\u01a1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng t\u00e1ch bi\u1ec7t kh\u1ecfi chi ti\u1ebft x\u00e1c th\u1ef1c, ho\u1eb7c c\u00e0i \u0111\u1eb7t c\u1ea5u h\u00ecnh li\u00ean k\u1ebft v\u1edbi c\u00e1c m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                  M\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 m\u1ed9t-nhi\u1ec1u<\/h3>\n

                  \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 ki\u1ec3u m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn nh\u1ea5t. M\u1ed9t b\u1ea3n ghi trong B\u1ea3ng A li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn nhi\u1ec1u b\u1ea3n ghi trong B\u1ea3ng B.<\/p>\n

                    \n
                  • Th\u1ef1c thi SQL:<\/strong> M\u1ed9t kh\u00f3a ngo\u1ea1i trong B\u1ea3ng B tham chi\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ebfn B\u1ea3ng A.<\/li>\n
                  • C\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u:<\/strong> Ch\u00e8n ph\u00eda \u201cNhi\u1ec1u\u201d b\u00ean trong t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u ph\u00eda \u201cM\u1ed9t\u201d d\u01b0\u1edbi d\u1ea1ng m\u1ea3ng. C\u00e1ch n\u00e0y hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 khi \u0111\u1ecdc to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac ph\u00e2n c\u1ea5p m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n.<\/li>\n
                  • C\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ed3 th\u1ecb:<\/strong> T\u1ea1o m\u1ed9t c\u1ea1nh t\u1eeb n\u00fat \u201cM\u1ed9t\u201d \u0111\u1ebfn nhi\u1ec1u n\u00fat \u201cNhi\u1ec1u\u201d.<\/li>\n
                  • L\u01b0u \u00fd:<\/strong> N\u1ebfu ph\u00eda \u201cNhi\u1ec1u\u201d t\u0103ng \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3, vi\u1ec7c nh\u00fang v\u00e0o c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ea1m \u0111\u1ebfn gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n l\u01b0u tr\u1eef. C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft ph\u1ea3i d\u00f9ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p (s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng tham chi\u1ebfu thay v\u00ec nh\u00fang).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                    M\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 Nhi\u1ec1u-\u0110a s\u1ed1<\/h3>\n

                    M\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 n\u00e0y y\u00eau c\u1ea7u m\u1ed9t c\u1ea7u n\u1ed1i trong SQL, nh\u01b0ng l\u1ea1i ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t trong c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng kh\u00e1c.<\/p>\n

                      \n
                    • Th\u1ef1c thi SQL:<\/strong> M\u1ed9t b\u1ea3ng c\u1ea7u n\u1ed1i ch\u1ee9a c\u00e1c ID t\u1eeb c\u1ea3 hai b\u1ea3ng cha.<\/li>\n
                    • C\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u:<\/strong> Th\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00f4ng chu\u1ea9n h\u00f3a. M\u1ed7i t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u ch\u1ee9a danh s\u00e1ch ID ho\u1eb7c c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 t\u1eeb th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 li\u00ean quan. C\u00e1ch n\u00e0y l\u00e0m tr\u00f9ng l\u1eb7p d\u1eef li\u1ec7u nh\u01b0ng t\u0103ng t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 truy xu\u1ea5t.<\/li>\n
                    • C\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ed3 th\u1ecb:<\/strong> \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec3m m\u1ea1nh t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean c\u1ee7a m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh. C\u00e1c n\u00fat \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n b\u1ea3ng trung gian.<\/li>\n
                    • Th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 t\u00ednh nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n:<\/strong> Trong c\u00e1c c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u, vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1ed9 h\u00f3a c\u00e1c danh s\u00e1ch tr\u00ean nhi\u1ec1u t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u l\u00e0 kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n. C\u00e1c c\u1eadp nh\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 chung ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u tham chi\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch th\u1ee7 c\u00f4ng.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                      Ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u00e0 linh ho\u1ea1t c\u1ee7a l\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3 \ud83d\udd04<\/h2>\n

                      Y\u00eau c\u1ea7u ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m thay \u0111\u1ed5i. C\u00e1c m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh d\u1eef li\u1ec7u ph\u1ea3i ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m h\u1ecfng c\u00e1c \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng hi\u1ec7n c\u00f3. Ng\u1eef ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ERD quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng c\u1ee7a qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n

                      1. Chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i l\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3 trong SQL<\/h3>\n

                      Thay \u0111\u1ed5i l\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3 quan h\u1ec7 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t thao t\u00e1c quan tr\u1ecdng. Th\u01b0\u1eddng bao g\u1ed3m vi\u1ec7c kh\u00f3a b\u1ea3ng ho\u1eb7c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c thao t\u00e1c di chuy\u1ec3n trong th\u1eddi gian ng\u1eebng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng.<\/p>\n

                        \n
                      • Th\u00eam c\u1ed9t:<\/strong> N\u00f3i chung an to\u00e0n v\u00e0 nhanh ch\u00f3ng.<\/li>\n
                      • \u0110\u1ed5i t\u00ean c\u1ed9t:<\/strong> Y\u00eau c\u1ea7u vi\u1ebft l\u1ea1i c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac b\u1ea3ng v\u00e0 c\u1eadp nh\u1eadt t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c truy v\u1ea5n ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c.<\/li>\n
                      • Thay \u0111\u1ed5i ki\u1ec3u d\u1eef li\u1ec7u:<\/strong> C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 r\u1ee7i ro n\u1ebfu chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i d\u1eef li\u1ec7u th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i ho\u1eb7c n\u1ebfu logic \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o ki\u1ec3u c\u0169.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                        2. Linh ho\u1ea1t l\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3 trong NoSQL<\/h3>\n

                        C\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng NoSQL th\u01b0\u1eddng cho ph\u00e9p ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn kh\u00f4ng l\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3 ho\u1eb7c l\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3 khi \u0111\u1ecdc d\u1eef li\u1ec7u. S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ERD l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 lu\u1eadt l\u1ec7.<\/p>\n

                          \n
                        • Th\u00eam tr\u01b0\u1eddng:<\/strong>B\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u00eam c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng m\u1edbi v\u00e0o c\u00e1c t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u kh\u00e1c.<\/li>\n
                        • Phi\u00ean b\u1ea3n h\u00f3a:<\/strong>Th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean th\u00eam s\u1ed1 phi\u00ean b\u1ea3n v\u00e0o t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ec3 qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd c\u00e1c c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac kh\u00e1c nhau theo th\u1eddi gian.<\/li>\n
                        • \u0110i\u1ec3m \u0111\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ed5i:<\/strong>Thi\u1ebfu s\u1ef1 th\u1ef1c thi c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 v\u1ec1 ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t sinh. \u1ee8ng d\u1ee5ng ph\u1ea3i x\u00e1c th\u1ef1c d\u1eef li\u1ec7u tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi ghi.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                          H\u1ec7 qu\u1ea3 v\u1ec1 hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a \u26a1<\/h2>\n

                          C\u1ea5u tr\u00fac c\u1ee7a s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ERD c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 truy v\u1ea5n. Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi m\u1ecdi t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng; thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf ph\u1ea3i ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi c\u00e1c m\u1eabu truy c\u1eadp c\u1ee7a \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng.<\/p>\n

                          1. T\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ecdc n\u1eb7ng<\/h3>\n

                          N\u1ebfu \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ecdc d\u1eef li\u1ec7u th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean nh\u01b0ng c\u1eadp nh\u1eadt \u00edt khi, vi\u1ec7c lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf chu\u1ea9n h\u00f3a s\u1ebd mang l\u1ea1i l\u1ee3i \u00edch.<\/p>\n

                            \n
                          • Chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c:<\/strong>Ch\u00e8n d\u1eef li\u1ec7u li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3m s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng truy v\u1ea5n c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft.<\/li>\n
                          • L\u1ee3i \u00edch:<\/strong>\u00cdt thao t\u00e1c I\/O h\u01a1n v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9 tr\u1ec5 th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n.<\/li>\n
                          • Chi ph\u00ed:<\/strong>T\u0103ng dung l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u01b0u tr\u1eef v\u00e0 logic c\u1eadp nh\u1eadt ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p h\u01a1n.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                            2. T\u1ea3i ghi n\u1eb7ng<\/h3>\n

                            N\u1ebfu \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng c\u1eadp nh\u1eadt d\u1eef li\u1ec7u th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean, th\u00ec n\u00ean \u01b0u ti\u00ean chu\u1ea9n h\u00f3a ho\u1eb7c l\u01b0u tr\u1eef ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t.<\/p>\n

                              \n
                            • Chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c:<\/strong>L\u01b0u tr\u1eef d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u1edf d\u1ea1ng nguy\u00ean t\u1eed nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p ho\u1eb7c tham chi\u1ebfu t\u1ea1i th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m truy v\u1ea5n.<\/li>\n
                            • L\u1ee3i \u00edch:<\/strong>Ngu\u1ed3n duy nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt; c\u00e1c c\u1eadp nh\u1eadt x\u1ea3y ra \u1edf m\u1ed9t n\u01a1i duy nh\u1ea5t.<\/li>\n
                            • Chi ph\u00ed:<\/strong>\u0110\u1ed9 tr\u1ec5 \u0111\u1ecdc cao h\u01a1n do c\u00e1c thao t\u00e1c k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p ho\u1eb7c tra c\u1ee9u nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ea7n.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                              3. Chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ec9 m\u1ee5c h\u00f3a<\/h3>\n

                              D\u00f9 l\u00e0 lo\u1ea1i c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u n\u00e0o, s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ERD s\u1ebd ch\u1ec9 ra n\u01a1i c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp ch\u1ec9 m\u1ee5c.<\/p>\n

                                \n
                              • Li\u00ean k\u1ebft:<\/strong>C\u00e1c ch\u1ec9 m\u1ee5c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t tr\u00ean c\u00e1c kh\u00f3a ngo\u1ea1i v\u00e0 c\u00e1c c\u1ed9t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trongWHERE<\/code>c\u00e2u l\u1ec7nh.<\/li>\n
                              • T\u00e0i li\u1ec7u:<\/strong>C\u00e1c ch\u1ec9 m\u1ee5c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t tr\u00ean c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c truy v\u1ea5n. C\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1ed3ng gh\u00e9p c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u c\u00fa ph\u00e1p ch\u1ec9 m\u1ee5c c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3.<\/li>\n
                              • \u0110\u1ed3 th\u1ecb:<\/strong>C\u00e1c ch\u1ec9 m\u1ee5c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t tr\u00ean nh\u00e3n n\u00fat v\u00e0 thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh c\u1ea1nh \u0111\u1ec3 t\u0103ng t\u1ed1c \u0111i\u1ec3m b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u cho vi\u1ec7c duy\u1ec7t.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                                M\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng lai v\u00e0 l\u01b0u tr\u1eef \u0111a ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef \ud83e\udde9<\/h2>\n

                                C\u00e1c ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i th\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi nhi\u1ec1u c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 l\u01b0u tr\u1eef \u0111a ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef. Ng\u1eef ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a ERD ph\u1ea3i l\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ea7y kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n

                                1. M\u1eabu nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n d\u1eef li\u1ec7u<\/h3>\n

                                Khi d\u1eef li\u1ec7u tr\u1ea3i d\u00e0i qua nhi\u1ec1u h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng, t\u00ednh nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n tr\u1edf n\u00ean ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p.<\/p>\n

                                  \n
                                • ACID:<\/strong>C\u00e1c c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u quan h\u1ec7 cung c\u1ea5p t\u00ednh nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n m\u1ea1nh. C\u00e1c giao d\u1ecbch bao g\u1ed3m nhi\u1ec1u b\u1ea3ng trong c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u.<\/li>\n
                                • BASE:<\/strong>C\u00e1c c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u NoSQL th\u01b0\u1eddng \u01b0u ti\u00ean kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng s\u1eb5n s\u00e0ng v\u00e0 t\u00ednh nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng. C\u00e1c giao d\u1ecbch c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ecb gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n trong m\u1ed9t t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u duy nh\u1ea5t.<\/li>\n
                                • M\u1eabu Saga:<\/strong>\u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c giao d\u1ecbch ph\u00e2n t\u00e1n qua c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng, m\u1eabu Saga qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd c\u00e1c thao t\u00e1c k\u00e9o d\u00e0i b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch ph\u1ed1i h\u1ee3p c\u00e1c giao d\u1ecbch c\u1ee5c b\u1ed9.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                                  2. Vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a ERD trong c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng lai<\/h3>\n

                                  ERD \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed3 kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m. N\u00f3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 logic, ngay c\u1ea3 khi l\u01b0u tr\u1eef v\u1eadt l\u00fd kh\u00e1c nhau.<\/p>\n

                                    \n
                                  • \u00c1nh x\u1ea1:<\/strong>C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ERD \u0111\u1ec3 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh d\u1eef li\u1ec7u n\u00e0o \u0111i v\u00e0o kho n\u00e0o.<\/li>\n
                                  • T\u00edch h\u1ee3p:<\/strong>S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 gi\u00fap h\u00ecnh dung n\u01a1i c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1ed9 h\u00f3a d\u1eef li\u1ec7u gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng.<\/li>\n
                                  • T\u00e0i li\u1ec7u:<\/strong>N\u00f3 cung c\u1ea5p c\u00e1i nh\u00ecn th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t cho c\u00e1c b\u00ean li\u00ean quan c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 l\u01b0u tr\u1eef.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                                    C\u00e1c th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t cho m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a d\u1eef li\u1ec7u v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc \ud83d\udee1\ufe0f<\/h2>\n

                                    \u0110\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng b\u1ea3o tr\u00ec v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t l\u00e2u d\u00e0i, tu\u00e2n theo c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc n\u00e0y khi thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf ERD c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n.<\/p>\n

                                      \n
                                    • Hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c:<\/strong>B\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb y\u00eau c\u1ea7u kinh doanh. Kh\u00f4ng m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a d\u1eef li\u1ec7u kh\u00f4ng h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 m\u1ed9t tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o.<\/li>\n
                                    • Ch\u1ecdn c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p:<\/strong>Ch\u1ecdn lo\u1ea1i c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 d\u1eef li\u1ec7u, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean xu h\u01b0\u1edbng. D\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ed3 th\u1ecb cho c\u00e1c m\u1ea1ng ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p, t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u cho n\u1ed9i dung, v\u00e0 SQL cho giao d\u1ecbch.<\/li>\n
                                    • T\u00e0i li\u1ec7u c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng:<\/strong>Nh\u00e3n r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng t\u00ednh b\u1ed9i s\u1ed1 tr\u00ean s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3. S\u1ef1 m\u01a1 h\u1ed3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn l\u1ed7i tri\u1ec3n khai.<\/li>\n
                                    • L\u00ean k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch cho s\u1ef1 t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng:<\/strong>Xem x\u00e9t c\u00e1ch th\u1ec3 t\u00edch d\u1eef li\u1ec7u s\u1ebd m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng. M\u1ed9t m\u1ea3ng nh\u00fang c\u00f3 tr\u1edf n\u00ean qu\u00e1 l\u1edbn kh\u00f4ng? B\u1ea3ng li\u00ean k\u1ebft c\u00f3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh \u0111i\u1ec3m ngh\u1ebdn kh\u00f4ng?<\/li>\n
                                    • L\u1eb7p l\u1ea1i thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf:<\/strong>C\u00e1c s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 quan h\u1ec7 th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 t\u0129nh. Tinh ch\u1ec9nh ch\u00fang khi \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n ra c\u00e1c r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c m\u1edbi.<\/li>\n
                                    • X\u00e1c minh \u1edf l\u1edbp \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng:<\/strong>\u0110\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t trong NoSQL, tri\u1ec3n khai logic x\u00e1c minh \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o t\u00ednh to\u00e0n v\u1eb9n d\u1eef li\u1ec7u v\u00ec c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ef1c thi \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                                      K\u1ebft lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 ng\u1eef ngh\u0129a m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a \ud83d\udcdd<\/h2>\n

                                      Ng\u1eef ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 quan h\u1ec7 th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng mang t\u00ednh ph\u1ed5 qu\u00e1t; ch\u00fang th\u00edch nghi v\u1edbi c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 l\u01b0u tr\u1eef n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng. Trong c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng quan h\u1ec7, ERD l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c thi b\u1edfi b\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u. Trong c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng NoSQL, n\u00f3 l\u00e0 h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn m\u1eabu cho l\u1edbp \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng. Vi\u1ec7c hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 nh\u1eefng kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t n\u00e0y gi\u00fap c\u00e1c ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac s\u01b0 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng v\u1eeba c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng v\u1eeba nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n.<\/p>\n

                                      B\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch ph\u00e2n t\u00edch c\u1ea9n th\u1eadn t\u00ednh cardinality, l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh l\u01b0u tr\u1eef ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u00e0 d\u1ef1 \u0111o\u00e1n c\u00e1c thay \u0111\u1ed5i trong t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai, c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9i ng\u0169 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng c\u00e1c l\u1edbp d\u1eef li\u1ec7u h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 logic kinh doanh ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m gi\u1ea3m hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t. Ch\u00eca kh\u00f3a n\u1eb1m \u1edf vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1ed9 h\u00f3a m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh logic v\u1edbi kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng v\u1eadt l\u00fd c\u1ee7a m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ecdn.<\/p>\n

                                      D\u00f9 l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c v\u1edbi b\u1ea3ng, t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u hay \u0111\u1ed3 th\u1ecb, c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc c\u1ed1t l\u00f5i trong vi\u1ec7c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a m\u1ed1i li\u00ean h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa ch\u00fang v\u1eabn lu\u00f4n kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed5i. M\u1ed9t s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ERD r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng cho ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m \u0111\u00e1ng tin c\u1eady, l\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ea7y kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch gi\u1eefa y\u00eau c\u1ea7u kinh doanh v\u00e0 tri\u1ec3n khai k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

                                      Thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf m\u1ed9t ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac d\u1eef li\u1ec7u m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft s\u00e2u s\u1eafc v\u1ec1 c\u00e1ch th\u00f4ng tin k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i, li\u00ean h\u1ec7 v\u00e0 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i. \u1ede trung t\u00e2m…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":1630,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_title":"Ng\u1eef ngh\u0129a s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 quan h\u1ec7 th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3: H\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn SQL so v\u1edbi NoSQL \ud83d\uddfa\ufe0f","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"Kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 ng\u1eef ngh\u0129a ERD trong c\u00e1c m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng SQL v\u00e0 NoSQL. 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